ALPHACID SUSPENSION

Indications

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Dyspepsia
• Heartburn

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Alginate works by reacting with gastric acid to form a viscous gel that floats on top of the gastric contents. This gel acts as a barrier to prevent the reflux of acid into the esophagus, thus reducing symptoms of heartburn and acid reflux. The gel also helps to protect the gastric mucosa from irritation.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic properties of alginate are characterized by its ability to form a protective gel in the acidic environment of the stomach. This gel not only acts as a physical barrier to reflux but may also help to enhance mucosal defense mechanisms. The degree of gel formation and its effectiveness in reducing symptoms can vary based on the concentration of alginate and the presence of other compounds.

Pharmacokinetics

Alginate is not absorbed systemically; instead, it acts locally in the gastrointestinal tract. Its gel-forming ability is dependent on the pH of the environment, with optimal performance at lower pH levels. The gel remains in the stomach for a variable duration, providing prolonged symptomatic relief. Alginate is excreted as an unabsorbed substance.

Pregnancy

There are no known risks associated with the use of alginates during pregnancy. However, always consult a healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Alginates are generally considered safe during breastfeeding, but it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for personal recommendations.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Oral suspension
• Chewable tablets
• Sachets

Indications

• Metabolic acidosis
• Acid-base imbalance
• Urinary alkalinization
• Treatment of certain poisonings
• Cardiac arrest in the context of metabolic acidosis

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific pediatric dosages, as they depend on the clinical condition

Adults: Refer to local guidelines and BNF for specific dosing recommendations as they may vary based on clinical condition and severity. General adult dosing for bicarbonate may range from 1 to 2 mEq/kg IV initially, followed by maintenance doses as needed.

Mechanism of action

Bicarbonate acts as a buffer that neutralizes excess acids in the body. It dissociates in solution to produce bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) which can react with hydrogen ions (H+) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), subsequently leading to the production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). This process helps to raise the pH of the blood and other fluids, counteracting acidosis. Bicarbonate is involved in several metabolic pathways, including the urea cycle and various biosynthetic pathways.

Pharmacodynamics

Bicarbonate's primary pharmacodynamic effect is its ability to buffer hydrogen ions, thus increasing blood pH. This is essential in conditions such as metabolic acidosis, where the body accumulates excess acid. By raising blood pH, bicarbonate can help alleviate symptoms associated with acidemia, such as fatigue, confusion, and shortness of breath. Its effects can also influence the renal and respiratory systems to regulate acid-base homeostasis.

Pharmacokinetics

Bicarbonate is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is distributed throughout the body fluids, and its effects can be seen within minutes of administration. The kidneys play a significant role in bicarbonate homeostasis by reabsorbing bicarbonate from urine and excreting hydrogen ions. The elimination half-life can vary, depending on the patient's metabolic state and renal function.

Pregnancy

Use with caution. Consult with a healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Use with caution. Consult with a healthcare provider before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light.

Mechanism of action

Carbonate ions participate in buffering reactions that help maintain pH homeostasis in biological systems. They can react with acids to form bicarbonate and carbon dioxide, thus neutralizing excess acidity in the body. This mechanism is crucial in processes such as respiration and metabolism.

Pharmacodynamics

As a buffer, carbonate helps to stabilize pH levels in different biological environments, preventing excessive acidity or alkalinity that could impair cellular functions. It is involved in the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood and plays a role in maintaining the acid-base equilibrium necessary for physiological processes.

Pharmacokinetics

Carbonate ions are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract when ingested and can be found in various body fluids. They are involved in the bicarbonate buffering system, where they are converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-) and carbon dioxide (CO2) through reactions with acids. The kidneys regulate the levels of bicarbonate and carbonate in the body, excreting or reabsorbing them as needed to maintain homeostasis.

Pregnancy

There is no specific information available regarding the use of carbonate compounds during pregnancy. Consult a healthcare provider for advice.

Breast-feeding

There is no specific information available regarding the use of carbonate compounds while breastfeeding. Consult a healthcare provider for advice.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.