BIOSULIN 30:70 INJECTION 100 IU/ML

Indications

• Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2)
• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Hyperglycemia due to other conditions
• Management of blood glucose levels during surgery
• Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy

Dosage

Children: For children aged 1-17 years, insulin is administered immediately before meals or when necessary shortly after meals, according to individual requirements. Specific dosing should be determined based on blood glucose monitoring and should be referred to the BNF for Children for precise guidance.

Adults: The dosage of insulin varies based on individual needs and is typically guided by blood glucose monitoring. It is recommended to consult local protocols for specific dosing instructions.

Mechanism of action

Insulin has a direct inhibitory effect on lipase, which is involved in the mobilization of fatty acids. In the absence of insulin, there is an abnormally high rate of conversion of protein to glucose, primarily in the liver. Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis and enhances facilitated diffusion of glucose and the active transport of amino acids, although the exact mechanisms for these actions are not fully understood.

Pharmacodynamics

Insulin's primary pharmacodynamic effect is the reduction of blood glucose levels. It promotes the uptake of glucose by cells, increases glycogen synthesis in the liver, and inhibits gluconeogenesis. Insulin also influences lipid metabolism by inhibiting lipolysis and encouraging fat storage. Additionally, insulin enhances protein synthesis by promoting amino acid uptake into cells.

Pharmacokinetics

Insulin is administered by injection and is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream. Its onset, peak, and duration of action depend on the formulation used (e.g., rapid-acting, short-acting). The half-life of insulin is typically around 5 to 10 minutes, but its effects can last several hours depending on the formulation. It is metabolized primarily in the liver and kidneys.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to insulin or any of its excipients
• Hypoglycemia

Adverse effects

• Hypoglycemia
• Injection site reactions
• Weight gain
• Allergic reactions
• Edema
• Lipodystrophy

Interactions

• Metreleptin may increase the risk of hypoglycemia when used with insulin
• Fibrates may increase the risk of hypoglycemia when used with insulin
• Macrolides may increase the risk of severe hypoglycemia when used with insulin
• Clarithromycin may increase the risk of severe hypoglycemia when used with insulin

Precautions

• Monitor blood glucose levels regularly, especially when changing insulin preparations
• Use caution in patients with renal impairment, as insulin clearance may be reduced
• Patients should be advised about the risks of hypoglycemia and how to manage it
• Should be used with caution in patients with cardiovascular disease

Pregnancy

Insulin is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy, but dosages may need to be adjusted.

Breast-feeding

Insulin is compatible with breastfeeding; insulin does not pass into breast milk in significant amounts.

Storage

Store unopened vials or pens in a refrigerator (2-8°C). Once opened, insulin can be stored at room temperature (below 25°C) for up to 28 days, depending on the formulation.

Formulations

• Insulin human 500 units/ml solution for injection
• Insulin human 100 units/ml solution for injection
• Insulin porcine 100 units/ml solution for injection

Dosage

Children: Dosage for human-derived biological products in pediatrics should be determined based on specific product guidelines and the clinical context.

Adults: Dosage for human-derived biological products varies widely. Refer to specific product information for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

Human physiology is governed by complex biological systems involving various cellular and molecular pathways. The mechanisms of action for human-derived biological products vary widely depending on the specific context, including immune response, hormonal regulation, and metabolic processes.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics in humans involves the interaction of drugs with biological systems, resulting in therapeutic effects. This includes receptor binding, signal transduction, and physiological responses. The effects are influenced by genetic factors, existing health conditions, and concurrent medications.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics in humans involves the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of substances. Factors such as age, sex, body weight, and organ function can significantly influence these processes. Drug absorption may occur via oral, intravenous, or other routes, while distribution depends on blood flow and tissue permeability. Metabolism typically occurs in the liver, and excretion primarily takes place through the kidneys.

Pregnancy

There is no specific information available; consult local guidelines.

Breast-feeding

There is no specific information available; consult local guidelines.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Acute pain
• Chronic pain syndromes
• Post-operative pain
• Fever

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for age-appropriate dosing information.

Adults: Refer to the appropriate prescribing guidelines for specific dosage recommendations based on the condition being treated.

Mechanism of action

Origin exerts its effects by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which leads to a decrease in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are lipid compounds that play a significant role in mediating inflammation, pain, and fever. By reducing their production, Origin effectively alleviates pain and inflammation.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic profile of Origin reflects its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, which are mediated through the inhibition of COX enzymes. This leads to a reduction in the levels of inflammatory mediators, thereby decreasing the sensation of pain and lowering fever. The onset of action typically occurs within a few hours, providing relief for a variety of painful conditions.

Pharmacokinetics

Origin is absorbed rapidly from the gastrointestinal tract, reaching peak plasma concentrations within 1 to 2 hours after administration. It is extensively metabolized in the liver, primarily through conjugation and oxidation pathways, resulting in inactive metabolites that are excreted via the kidneys. The elimination half-life varies but is generally within the range of 2 to 4 hours, depending on individual patient factors.

Pregnancy

The safety of origin during pregnancy has not been well established. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Caution is advised when using origin while breastfeeding, as it is not known whether it is excreted in human milk.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Ensure that it is kept out of reach of children.

Indications

• Diabetes (insulin therapy)
• Cancer (monoclonal antibodies)
• Infectious diseases (vaccines)
• Hemophilia (clotting factors)
• Autoimmune disorders (biologics)

Dosage

Children: Dosage for pediatric patients is highly variable and should be determined based on the specific recombinant product and the child's clinical condition. Refer to specific guidelines or product information for dosing recommendations.

Adults: Dosage varies widely based on the specific recombinant product being used. Consult specific guidelines or product information for accurate dosing.

Mechanism of action

Recombinant DNA works by inserting a specific gene of interest into a plasmid or viral vector, which is then introduced into host cells. The host cells use their own cellular machinery to transcribe and translate the inserted gene into a protein. This process enables the production of therapeutic proteins that can mimic or replace faulty proteins in diseases, stimulate immune responses, or provide other therapeutic benefits.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of recombinant products varies depending on the specific protein produced. Generally, they exert their effects by binding to specific receptors or enzymes in the body, modifying biological processes such as metabolism, immune response, or cell signaling. The therapeutic proteins produced can act as agonists or antagonists to modulate physiological responses.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of recombinant proteins can be complex, as they depend on the specific product and its formulation. Factors such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) can vary widely. Typically, these proteins may have a prolonged half-life due to modifications that protect them from proteolysis or enhance their distribution in tissues. The route of administration (e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous) also significantly affects their pharmacokinetic profiles.

Pregnancy

Data on the use of rdna in pregnancy is limited. The potential risks and benefits should be assessed on a case-by-case basis.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether rdna is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when administering to breastfeeding mothers.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from light and moisture. Specific storage conditions may vary based on formulation.

Mechanism of action

INSULIN HAS DIRECT INHIBITORY EFFECT ON LIPASE CONCERNED WITH MOBILIZATION OF FATTY ACIDS, WHILE GROWTH HORMONE, GLUCOCORTICOIDS, THYROID HORMONES & CATECHOLAMINES ENHANCE LIPOLYSIS. IN ABSENCE OF INSULIN THERE IS ABNORMALLY HIGH RATE OF CONVERSION OF PROTEIN TO GLUCOSE. ... PROTEINS & AMINO ACIDS ARE CONVERTED TO GLUCOSE @ ABNORMALLY HIGH RATE IN INSULIN DEFICIENCY. THE LIVER IS SITE OF CONVERSION. PROTEIN & AMINO ACIDS ARE MOBILIZED FROM PERIPHERAL TISSUES. INSULIN ACTS TO.../STIMULATE/ GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS. MECHANISM OF IMPORTANT ACTIONS OF INSULIN TO ENHANCE FACILITATED DIFFUSION OF GLUCOSE & ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS ARE NOT KNOWN.