CALCIJECT 40 CM INJECTION

Indications

• Vulvovaginal candidiasis
• Fungal infections
• Antiseptic for minor cuts and abrasions
• Ocular antiseptic
• Insecticide in pest control

Dosage

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines for formulations. Commonly used as a 2-3% solution

Mechanism of action

Boric acid exerts its antifungal effects by disrupting the cell membrane integrity of fungi. It interferes with the synthesis of essential cellular components, leading to cell lysis and death. The acid also has mild antibacterial properties, which can help in reducing bacterial load in infected areas. The exact molecular pathways involved in these actions are not fully elucidated, but it is known to alter the pH of the environment, making it less conducive for fungal growth.

Pharmacodynamics

Boric acid demonstrates a low toxicity profile in humans when used appropriately. Its antifungal activity is primarily effective against Candida species, and it can be used as a second-line treatment for vulvovaginal candidiasis, particularly in cases of recurrent infections. The effectiveness of boric acid is also attributed to its ability to maintain an acidic environment, which is unfavorable for the growth of many pathogens. Its antiseptic properties help in reducing inflammation and promoting healing in infected tissues.

Pharmacokinetics

Boric acid is poorly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract but can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes. Once absorbed, it is distributed throughout the body, with a tendency to accumulate in various tissues, including the liver and kidneys. The elimination half-life of boric acid is variable, depending on dosage and route of administration. It is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine. Due to its potential for toxicity with high systemic exposure, it is important to adhere to recommended dosages.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to boron or any component of the formulation
• Severe renal impairment

Adverse effects

• Skin irritation or rash
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Tremors
• Confusion

Interactions

• May interact with other topical medications
• Caution with nephrotoxic agents

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with renal insufficiency
• Careful monitoring is advised in long-term use
• Not recommended for use in large areas of broken skin

Pregnancy

Boric acid is classified as category C. Use during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Limited data available. It is advisable to avoid use while breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Topical ointment
• Powder
• Solution

Indications

• Bone health support
• Anti-inflammatory treatment
• Analgesic therapy
• Potential enhancement of nutrient absorption

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific paediatric dosing information, as it is crucial to tailor doses based on the child's age and weight.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing information as it may vary based on the condition being treated.

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism of action of borogluconate is not fully elucidated, but it is believed to involve modulation of cellular signaling pathways and interactions with various enzymes. Boron compounds may influence bone metabolism and promote the activity of osteoblasts, thereby supporting bone health. Additionally, borogluconate could enhance the bioavailability of certain compounds through its ability to form complexes with other molecules.

Pharmacodynamics

Borogluconate exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, which may be attributed to its ability to modulate immune responses and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Its effects on bone metabolism are also significant, as boron is known to support the mineralization of bone and may influence the activity of hormones involved in calcium and phosphorus metabolism.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of borogluconate are not extensively studied, but it is known that boron compounds are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. Once in the bloodstream, boron is distributed to various tissues, including bone, and is excreted primarily via the kidneys. The half-life and specific metabolic pathways of borogluconate remain to be fully characterized.

Pregnancy

Safety in pregnancy has not been established. Use only if clearly needed and the potential benefits justify the risks.

Breast-feeding

Caution is advised as it is unknown if borogluconate is excreted in human milk.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from light.

Formulations

• {'formulation': 'Borogluconate solution', 'strength': None}

Indications

• Dietary supplement
• Phosphate metabolism disorders
• Potential antioxidant therapy

Dosage

Children: Refer to BNF for Children for specific dosing guidelines.

Adults: Dosage varies based on indication, refer to BNF for specific dosing guidelines.

Mechanism of action

Hypophosphite acts as a reducing agent, donating electrons in various biochemical reactions. It is involved in the synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids, thereby playing a role in energy metabolism and cellular function. The reducing properties of hypophosphite facilitate the conversion of reactive oxygen species, potentially providing protective effects against oxidative stress.

Pharmacodynamics

Hypophosphite exhibits its pharmacological effects primarily through its role in phosphate metabolism and as an electron donor. Its antioxidant properties may help mitigate oxidative damage in tissues. Moreover, hypophosphite has been studied for its potential effects on enhancing immune function and promoting cellular repair and regeneration.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of hypophosphite is not extensively characterized in literature. However, it is known to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract when taken orally. The compound is distributed throughout the body, particularly in tissues where phosphate metabolism occurs. The elimination of hypophosphite is primarily via renal excretion, as it is filtered through the kidneys.

Pregnancy

There is limited data on the use of hypophosphite in pregnancy. Use only if clearly needed and the benefits outweigh the risks.

Breast-feeding

Hypophosphite is not known to be excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when administering to breastfeeding women.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from light. Keep out of reach of children.