(clarithromycin · DailyMed)
CLATHIN 500
AF-Coat Beige (Aqueous) Colour 18.750 mg/6 mL,Clarithromycin 500 mg/6 mL,Colloidal Anhydrous silica (Aerosil 200) 5.640 mg/6 mL,Croscarmellose Sodium 14.088 mg/6 mL,Croscarmellose Sodium 15.000 mg/6 mL,Magnesium Stearate 11.250 mg/6 mL,Microcrystalline Cellulose (Avicel PH101) 173.110 mg/6 mL,Microcrystalline cellulose(Avicel PH 102) 17.000 mg/6 mL,Povidone K-30 22.500 mg/6 mL,Purified Water q. s ml
What it does
Beige is a medication used to help manage certain health conditions.
Commonly used for: specific health conditions
Read more in plain English ↓Plain-language summary for general understanding - not medical advice. Always follow your pharmacist/doctor.
Ask about this medicine
Answers come only from this medicine's registration record, BNF monograph and interaction data - not medical advice.
Medicine sourcing is available in Kenya only. We don't sell or dispense medicines - licensed pharmacies do.
Sourcing - Kenya onlyRegistration & product details
Source: Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority · fetched 2026-03-11 23:48:00 · updated 2026-10-22 03:00:45
Drug Interactions
211Pharmacodynamic Warnings
Clarithromycin appears in TABLE 9: Drugs that prolong the QT interval
Severe (35)
Acalabrutinib - increases exposure
Clarithromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to acalabrutinib. Avoid.
Alprazolam - increases exposure
Clarithromycin moderately increases the exposure to benzodiazepines (alprazolam). Avoid.
Antihistamines,non-Sedating - increases exposure
Clarithromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to antihistamines, non-sedating (mizolastine). Avoid.
Avapritinib - increases exposure
Clarithromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to avapritinib. Avoid.
Benzodiazepines - increases exposure
Clarithromycin moderately increases the exposure to benzodiazepines (alprazolam). Avoid.
Moderate (50)
Alfentanil - increases exposure
Clarithromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to opioids (alfentanil, buprenorphine, fentanyl, oxycodone). Monitor and adjust dose.
Aminophylline - increases exposure
Clarithromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to aminophylline. Adjust dose.
Amlodipine - increases exposure
Clarithromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to calcium channel blockers (amlodipine, felodipine, lacidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine). Monitor and adjust dose.
Antiarrhythmics - increases exposure
Clarithromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to antiarrhythmics (propafenone). Monitor and adjust dose.
Anticholinesterases, Centrally Acting - increases exposure
Clarithromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to anticholinesterases, centrally acting (galantamine). Monitor and adjust dose.
Unknown (126)
Abemaciclib - increases exposure
Clarithromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to abemaciclib. Avoid or adjust abemaciclib dose, p. 1056.
Afatinib - increases exposure
Macrolides are predicted to increase the exposure to afatinib.
Alitretinoin - increases exposure
Clarithromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to retinoids (alitretinoin). Adjust alitretinoin dose, p. 1382.
Almotriptan - increases exposure
Clarithromycin increases the exposure to triptans (almotriptan).
Alphablockers - increases exposure
Clarithromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to alpha blockers (doxazosin).
Data from BNF 85 (British National Formulary). This is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Matched via: exact
About beige
Beige is a medication used to help manage certain health conditions.
What it treats
- specific health conditions
How it works
Beige works by affecting certain processes in the body to improve health.
Who it's for
Beige is for individuals with specific health needs as determined by a healthcare professional.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About cellulose
Cellulose is a type of fiber that helps with digestion and promotes bowel health.
What it treats
- constipation
- irregular bowel movements
How it works
Cellulose adds bulk to the stool, making it easier to pass through the intestines.
Who it's for
Suitable for people looking to improve their digestive health.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About clarithromycin
Clarithromycin is an antibiotic used to treat infections caused by bacteria.
What it treats
- bacterial infections
- chest infections (pneumonia)
- skin infections
- ear infections (otitis media)
How it works
It works by stopping the growth of bacteria, helping your body to fight off the infection.
Who it's for
It is for adults and children with certain bacterial infections.
Drug class
Macrolides
Cautions
- • Be cautious if you are taking other medications that affect heart rhythm.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About colloidal
Colloidal solutions are often used in various medical treatments and can help improve the delivery of certain medications.
What it treats
- supporting hydration
- helping with nutrient absorption
- improving medication effectiveness
How it works
Colloidal solutions contain small particles that can help carry and deliver substances in the body more effectively.
Who it's for
Adults and children who need assistance with hydration or nutrient delivery.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About colour
This medicine is used to change the color of certain products.
What it treats
- to color food
- to tint cosmetics
- to dye textiles
How it works
It adds color to products, making them visually appealing.
Who it's for
This product is suitable for anyone needing to add color to food, cosmetics, or textiles.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About croscarmellose
Croscarmellose is a substance used in medicines to help them dissolve and be absorbed in the body.
What it treats
- helps improve the effectiveness of oral medications
How it works
It works by breaking down the medicine so that it can be easily absorbed in the stomach and intestines.
Who it's for
It is used in various oral medicines that require better absorption.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About microcrystalline
Microcrystalline is a type of substance often used in medicines to help with various health issues. It is commonly used as a filler or binder in tablets and capsules.
What it treats
- stomach issues
- constipation
- weight management
How it works
It helps to improve the texture of medicines and can assist in the absorption of other ingredients in the body.
Who it's for
Adults and children who need help with specific health conditions, as directed by a healthcare professional.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About povidone
Povidone is a synthetic polymer often used as a disinfectant and to help deliver medications in various forms.
What it treats
- skin infections
- wound care
- eye infections (conjunctivitis)
How it works
Povidone works by killing bacteria and other germs, helping to prevent infections.
Who it's for
Povidone is suitable for people needing treatment for skin or eye infections.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About purified
Purified ingredients are often used in various medicines to ensure safety and effectiveness by removing impurities.
What it treats
- various medical conditions
How it works
Purified ingredients help in delivering the intended effects of the medicine without the risk of contaminants.
Who it's for
People who need medications with safe and effective ingredients.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About silica
Silica is a natural substance that can be found in various forms and is often used to help with digestion and absorb excess moisture.
What it treats
- digestive issues
- absorption of moisture
How it works
Silica helps improve digestion by supporting the body's ability to break down food and absorb nutrients.
Who it's for
Silica may be suitable for adults experiencing digestive discomfort or needing help with moisture control.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
Clinical monograph: Clarithromycin
BNF-referencedClarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic effective against a range of bacterial infections. It is primarily used in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, skin infections, and as a prophylactic measure for certain infections. Clarithromycin works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, making it a crucial agent in combating gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria.
Indications
- Bacterial infections
- Community-acquired pneumonia
- Skin infections
- Prophylaxis for certain infections
Dosage
Adults: 500 mg once daily for
Mechanism of action
Clarithromycin is metabolized to 14-OH clarithromycin, which is active. It penetrates bacterial cell walls and reversibly binds to domain V of the 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, blocking the translocation of aminoacyl-tRNA and inhibiting polypeptide synthesis. It may be bactericidal in high concentrations against susceptible organisms, particularly Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Additionally, clarithromycin inhibits the hepatic microsomal CYP3A4 isoenzyme and P-glycoprotein.
Pharmacodynamics
Clarithromycin exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against numerous gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes. It also shows activity against gram-negative bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, as well as against various anaerobic bacteria, mycobacteria, and other organisms like Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and Chlamydia. While typically bacteriostatic, it can sometimes demonstrate bactericidal properties depending on the concentration and the organism.
Pharmacokinetics
Clarithromycin is well absorbed after oral administration, with its bioavailability enhanced by food. It is extensively metabolized in the liver, primarily via CYP3A4, leading to active metabolites. The drug has a half-life of approximately 3 to 4 hours, but its active metabolite, 14-OH clarithromycin, has a longer half-life, contributing to its prolonged activity. Renal impairment can significantly affect its clearance, necessitating dosage adjustments in patients with reduced renal function.
Adverse effects
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal pain
- Dysgeusia
- Headache
- Rash
- Liver enzyme elevations
- QT prolongation
Interactions
- Clarithromycin + acalabrutinib: Severe (increases exposure)
- Clarithromycin + antiarrhythmics: Severe (increases exposure)
- Clarithromycin + dronedarone: Severe (increases exposure)
- Clarithromycin + non-sedating antihistamines: Severe (increases exposure)
- Clarithromycin + mizolastine: Severe (increases exposure)
- Clarithromycin + lurasidone: Severe (increases exposure)
- Clarithromycin + quetiapine: Severe (increases exposure)
- Clarithromycin + avapritinib: Severe (increases exposure)
- Clarithromycin + benzodiazepines: Severe (increases exposure)
- Clarithromycin + alprazolam: Severe (increases exposure)
Precautions
- Caution in hepatic impairment
- Use with caution in renal impairment
- Monitor for signs of QT prolongation
- Consider alternative therapy in patients with history of arrhythmias
- Use with caution in patients with myasthenia gravis due to potential exacerbation
Pregnancy
Manufacturers advise use only if adequate alternatives are not available.
Breast-feeding
Present in milk; use only if no suitable alternatives.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Keep out of reach of children.
Formulations
- Oral suspension 200 mg/5 mL
- Capsules 250 mg
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: beige
Beige is not a commonly recognized drug in pharmacological literature, and specific information regarding its therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, or pharmacodynamics is not readily available. It may refer to a color descriptor or an informal term rather than a specific pharmaceutical agent. Further context is required to provide a comprehensive overview of a drug under this name.
Dosage
Children: Refer to specific clinical guidelines or pharmacotherapy references for appropriate dosing information.
Adults: Refer to specific clinical guidelines or pharmacotherapy references for appropriate dosing information.
Pregnancy
There is no specific information available regarding the safety of beige in pregnancy. Consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended before use.
Breast-feeding
There is no specific information available regarding the safety of beige during breastfeeding. Consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended before use.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: cellulose
Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate and a key structural component of the plant cell wall. It is an indigestible polysaccharide made up of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. As a dietary fiber, cellulose contributes to digestive health by promoting bowel regularity and is commonly used as a laxative and bulking agent in various food products and pharmaceuticals.
Indications
- Constipation
- Dietary fiber supplementation
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Diverticular disease
- Weight management
Dosage
Children: Refer to appropriate guidelines for specific dosage; generally taken with adequate fluid intake.
Adults: Refer to appropriate guidelines for specific dosage; generally taken with adequate fluid intake.
Mechanism of action
Cellulose acts primarily as a bulk-forming laxative. It absorbs water in the intestines, which increases stool bulk and stimulates peristalsis, thus facilitating bowel movements. Additionally, cellulose is not digestible by human enzymes, leading to fermentation by gut bacteria, which may enhance gut health and alter gut microbiota composition.
Pharmacodynamics
Cellulose increases stool weight and frequency of bowel movements. It works by retaining water in the intestines, leading to softer stools and improved passage through the gastrointestinal tract. The bulking effect of cellulose can help alleviate constipation and promote overall digestive health. It may also play a role in cholesterol reduction and glycemic control through its effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Pharmacokinetics
Cellulose is not absorbed into the bloodstream due to its indigestible nature. Instead, it passes through the gastrointestinal tract, where it adds bulk to the stool. Its fermentation by colonic bacteria produces short-chain fatty acids, which may have beneficial effects on colon health. The onset of action for cellulose as a laxative can vary but is generally within 24 to 72 hours after ingestion.
Adverse effects
- Bloating
- Flatulence
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal discomfort
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with a history of gastrointestinal disorders.
- Monitor for potential allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
Pregnancy
Cellulose is generally considered safe during pregnancy as it is a non-toxic, indigestible fiber.
Breast-feeding
Cellulose is also considered safe during breastfeeding; it is excreted in breast milk in negligible amounts.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
Formulations
- Powder
- Capsules
- Tablets
- Granules
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: colloidal
Colloidal solutions are mixtures in which small particles are dispersed throughout a continuous medium. They can be used in various medical applications, including as intravenous fluids for volume expansion and as drug delivery systems. Colloidal solutions can improve the solubility and stability of drugs, enhancing their therapeutic effects.
Indications
- Hypovolemic shock
- Severe burns
- Postoperative fluid replacement
- Sepsis
- Trauma management
Dosage
Children: Refer to established guidelines for specific dosing, as it varies based on the type of colloidal solution used and the clinical condition being treated.
Adults: Refer to established guidelines for specific dosing, as it varies based on the type of colloidal solution used and the clinical condition being treated.
Mechanism of action
Colloidal solutions work by maintaining oncotic pressure in the blood, thus helping to retain fluid within the vascular system. This is primarily due to the large molecular weight of the colloidal particles, which cannot easily pass through capillary walls. The presence of colloids in the blood helps to draw water into the circulation, increasing blood volume and improving tissue perfusion.
Pharmacodynamics
The pharmacodynamics of colloidal solutions are centered on their ability to exert osmotic pressure, which helps maintain blood volume and pressure. This effect is particularly important in conditions such as hypovolemia and shock, where fluid replacement is necessary to restore hemodynamic stability. The efficacy of colloidal solutions can vary depending on the type of colloid used, as well as the underlying clinical condition being treated.
Pharmacokinetics
Colloidal solutions are typically administered intravenously and their pharmacokinetics can vary based on the specific formulation. Generally, colloids are distributed throughout the vascular compartment and have a longer duration of action compared to crystalloids, as they remain in circulation longer. The elimination of colloids is primarily through the reticuloendothelial system, where they are metabolized or eliminated by the liver and spleen. Factors such as particle size and composition can influence their distribution and clearance.
Adverse effects
- Allergic reactions
- Injection site reactions
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Headache
- Fever
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with known allergies to any component of the formulation
- Monitor for signs of hypersensitivity during administration
- Consider volume overload in patients with cardiac or renal impairment
Pregnancy
The safety of colloidal solutions during pregnancy has not been established. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Breast-feeding
It is not known whether colloidal solutions are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when administering to breastfeeding mothers.
Storage
Store at room temperature, protect from light, and do not freeze. Keep out of reach of children.
Formulations
- Colloidal silver
- Colloidal gold
- Colloidal iron
- Other metal colloids
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: colour
BNF-referencedColour is a compound with the molecular formula C13H18N2O, commonly recognized for its application in various industries, including pharmaceuticals and food. Its properties can vary based on its specific formulation and context of use. It is important to consult detailed sources for information regarding its use in clinical settings.
Mechanism of action
The precise mechanism of action is not well-documented in the provided resources. However, compounds with similar molecular structures often interact with biological pathways through modulation of neurotransmitter systems or receptor activity.
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics for compounds like Colour typically involve interactions at the cellular level, influencing physiological responses through receptor binding and modulation of signaling pathways. The specific effects and potency would depend on the context of use and formulation.
Pharmacokinetics
Information on the pharmacokinetics of Colour, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, is not provided in the available resources. Generally, pharmacokinetic properties will vary significantly based on formulation and route of administration.
Pregnancy
Safety in pregnancy has not been established. Use only if the benefits outweigh the risks.
Breast-feeding
Caution is advised. There are no adequate studies in breastfeeding women.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place, away from light. Keep out of reach of children.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: croscarmellose
Croscarmellose sodium is a pharmaceutical excipient widely used as a disintegrant in oral dosage forms. It enhances the dissolution of active pharmaceutical ingredients by promoting rapid disintegration of tablets and capsules upon contact with moisture. This characteristic makes it essential in improving the bioavailability of various medications.
Indications
- Used as a disintegrant in tablet formulations
- Enhances the bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients
Dosage
Children: Refer to the specific formulation guidelines, as dosage will vary based on the active ingredient and formulation type.
Adults: Refer to the specific formulation guidelines, as dosage will vary based on the active ingredient and formulation type.
Mechanism of action
Croscarmellose sodium works by swelling and absorbing water when it comes into contact with gastrointestinal fluids. This swelling leads to the rapid disintegration of the tablet or capsule matrix, facilitating the release and absorption of the active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Pharmacodynamics
Croscarmellose sodium is classified as a superdisintegrant. Its ability to rapidly disintegrate solid dosage forms can significantly enhance the dissolution rate of the active ingredient, which is crucial for achieving therapeutic effects in a timely manner.
Pharmacokinetics
Croscarmellose sodium is not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and does not exert pharmacological effects in the body. It is considered non-toxic and is excreted unchanged. Its main role is as an excipient, influencing the formulation's characteristics rather than the pharmacokinetics of the active ingredients.
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with known hypersensitivity to croscarmellose or its components.
Pregnancy
Safety in pregnancy has not been established. Use only if clearly needed.
Breast-feeding
Caution is advised when using during breastfeeding, as safety has not been established.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place, away from moisture and heat.
Formulations
- Powder
- Granules
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: microcrystalline
Microcrystalline cellulose is a refined wood pulp, commonly used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations. It serves as a bulking agent and stabilizer in tablets and capsules, improving the physical properties of the drug formulation. It is characterized by its ability to absorb moisture and provide a suitable texture for various dosage forms.
Indications
- Used as an excipient in tablet formulations
- Used as a bulking agent in capsule formulations
- Used in food products as a thickener or stabilizer
Dosage
Children: Refer to specific product guidelines as dosage will depend on the formulation and the active ingredients.
Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines as dosage will depend on the formulation and the active ingredients.
Mechanism of action
Microcrystalline cellulose acts as a non-digestible filler that enhances the flow properties of powders during the manufacturing of tablets and capsules. It does not have a direct pharmacological action on the body but ensures that the active ingredients are effectively delivered to the patient.
Pharmacodynamics
As a non-active ingredient, microcrystalline cellulose does not exert pharmacodynamic effects typical of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Its primary role is to provide a stable and consistent matrix for the drug, facilitating the release of the active compound once ingested.
Pharmacokinetics
Microcrystalline cellulose is not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract; it passes through the digestive system largely unchanged. It adds bulk to the stool, which may aid in promoting regular bowel movements. The substance is excreted in feces, where it contributes to dietary fiber intake.
Pregnancy
Data regarding the use of microcrystalline cellulose during pregnancy is limited. It is advisable to consult with healthcare professionals before use.
Breast-feeding
Microcrystalline cellulose is considered safe during breastfeeding, as it is not absorbed systemically.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: povidone
Povidone, also known as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), is a synthetic polymer that is used as a water-soluble binder, stabilizer, and film-forming agent in various pharmaceutical formulations. It is recognized for its ability to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of drugs, making it valuable in both topical and oral therapies. Povidone has antiseptic properties and is commonly used in wound care, surgical scrubs, and as an excipient in medications.
Indications
- Topical antiseptic for skin disinfection
- Surgical scrubs and hand sanitizers
- Wound care management
- Pharmaceutical excipient in solid and liquid formulations
Dosage
Children: Refer to specific product guidelines for pediatric dosing recommendations, as doses can vary based on formulation and intended use.
Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing recommendations, as doses can vary based on the formulation and intended use.
Mechanism of action
Povidone acts by forming a complex with iodine when used as an antiseptic, which releases iodine slowly to exert its antimicrobial effect. The iodine disrupts microbial cell walls and interferes with protein synthesis, leading to cell death. Additionally, as a polymer, povidone can enhance drug solubility and stability by forming a hydrophilic matrix.
Pharmacodynamics
Povidone has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Its antiseptic properties are primarily due to the release of iodine, which is effective in reducing microbial load and preventing infection. The polymer's ability to bind to various substances allows it to be utilized in formulations that require improved stability and solubility.
Pharmacokinetics
Povidone is not absorbed systemically when applied topically, as it remains localized at the site of application. Its pharmacokinetics are largely dependent on the formulation and route of administration, with the polymer being metabolized by hydrolysis and excreted in urine as low-molecular-weight compounds. The release and activity of iodine are influenced by the concentration of povidone and the presence of organic matter.
Adverse effects
- Local irritation
- Allergic reactions
- Skin rashes
- Hypersensitivity reactions
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with known allergies to iodine or povidone-iodine
- Avoid use in deep puncture wounds or serious burns
Pregnancy
Povidone is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy, but it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional before use.
Breast-feeding
Povidone is considered safe during breastfeeding, but it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional.
Storage
Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Keep the container tightly closed.
Formulations
- Topical solution
- Ointment
- Surgical scrub
- Gauze impregnated with povidone-iodine
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: purified
Purified refers to a substance that has been processed to remove impurities, contaminants, or unwanted substances, resulting in a more concentrated and effective form of the original compound. In pharmacology, purified compounds are often used to enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects. The purification process can apply to a variety of substances, including drugs, biological products, and chemical compounds.
Dosage
Children: Refer to specific drug formulations and product labels as purified substances can vary widely in their use and dosing.
Adults: Refer to specific drug formulations and product labels as purified substances can vary widely in their use and dosing.
Mechanism of action
The mechanism of action for purified compounds varies widely depending on the specific substance. Generally, purified drugs exert their effects by interacting with specific biological targets, such as receptors, enzymes, or ion channels, leading to a desired therapeutic effect. This interaction can involve binding to receptors to activate or inhibit signaling pathways, modulating enzymatic activity, or altering physiological processes.
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics describes the effects of a drug on the body and the relationship between drug concentration and effect. For purified drugs, this can involve dose-response relationships and the time course of their action. The purified form often enhances potency and reduces variability in response among patients, which can lead to more predictable therapeutic outcomes. The overall effect is determined by the drug's affinity for its target, the efficacy of the drug-receptor interaction, and the downstream signaling pathways activated as a result of this interaction.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics involves the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of a drug. For purified substances, absorption can be more efficient due to the absence of impurities that may affect solubility or stability. Distribution may also be enhanced, leading to higher bioavailability. Metabolism can be influenced by the structure of the purified compound, as it may be metabolized more readily by liver enzymes. Excretion typically occurs through the kidneys or liver, depending on the molecular characteristics of the purified drug.
Pregnancy
Consult with a healthcare professional, as the safety of purified forms of medications during pregnancy may vary depending on the specific substance.
Breast-feeding
Consult with a healthcare professional, as the safety of purified forms of medications during breastfeeding may vary depending on the specific substance.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place, away from light and moisture, and keep out of reach of children.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: silica
BNF-referencedSilica, primarily in the form of silicon dioxide (SiO2), is a naturally occurring mineral found in various forms, including crystalline and amorphous structures. It is widely used in various industries, including construction, manufacturing, and as a food additive. Silica is known for its high melting point and chemical stability. In clinical contexts, exposure to crystalline silica has been linked to respiratory diseases such as silicosis and lung cancer due to its cytotoxic effects on lung cells. The different forms of silica exhibit varying degrees of biological activity, with crystalline silica being more hazardous than amorphous types.
Indications
- Silicosis
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Lung cancer associated with silica exposure
Dosage
Adults: Silica is not administered as a drug, but rather
Mechanism of action
Silica, particularly crystalline forms like quartz and cristobalite, can induce cytotoxicity and morphological transformation in cells. The cytotoxic effects are attributed to the presence of silanol groups and trace iron on the silica surface, which can generate reactive oxygen species. These interactions lead to cellular damage and transformation, suggesting multiple molecular mechanisms underlying silica's biological effects. The activity is sensitive to the silica's surface structure and composition, indicating that the biological response is a phenomenon originating from the silica's surface characteristics.
Pharmacodynamics
Silica's pharmacodynamic effects are largely related to its cytotoxic and transforming properties, particularly in lung tissue. The inhalation of crystalline silica can lead to the activation of inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells. This can result in chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and ultimately, diseases such as silicosis and lung cancer. The degree of these effects varies based on the type of silica, its crystalline structure, and the presence of surface modifications.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of silica is complex as it is not absorbed systemically when inhaled or ingested. Instead, inhaled silica particles can deposit in the alveolar region of the lungs, where they may persist for long periods. The body responds to silica exposure through inflammatory processes, and macrophages attempt to phagocytize silica particles. However, the persistence of these particles can lead to chronic lung conditions. Clearance mechanisms are inefficient, leading to prolonged retention in lung tissue.
Adverse effects
- Cytotoxicity
- Morphological transformation of cells
- Respiratory issues
- Silicosis
- Lung cancer
Precautions
- Use caution in occupational settings with silica dust exposure
- Regular monitoring of lung function in exposed individuals
Pregnancy
There is insufficient data on the effects of silica on pregnancy. It is advised to minimize exposure.
Breast-feeding
Limited data available; caution is advised due to potential respiratory effects.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place, away from moisture and incompatible materials.
Formulations
- Crystalline silica
- Amorphous silica (diatomaceous earth)
- Silica gel
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Molecular reference: Clarithromycin
PubChem CID 84029Molecular formula: C38H69NO13
Mechanism of action
Clarithromycin is first metabolized to 14-OH clarithromycin, which is active and works synergistically with its parent compound. Like other macrolides, it then penetrates bacteria cell wall and reversibly binds to domain V of the 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, blocking translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and polypeptide synthesis. Clarithromycin also inhibits the hepatic microsomal CYP3A4 isoenzyme and P-glycoprotein, an energy-dependent drug efflux pump. Clarithromycin usually is bacteriostatic, although it may be bactericidal in high concentrations or against highly susceptible organisms. Bactericidal activity has been observed against Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Clarithromycin inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible organisms by penetrating the cell wall and binding to 50S ribosomal subunits, thereby inhibiting translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and inhibiting polypeptide synthesis. The site of action of clarithromycin appears to be the same as that of erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol.
Pharmacodynamics
Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic whose spectrum of activity includes many gram-positive (<i>Staphylococcus aureus, S. pneumoniae, and S. pyogenes</i>) and gram-negative aerobic bacteria (<i>Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis</i>), many anaerobic bacteria, some mycobacteria, and some other organisms including <i>Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Chlamydia, Toxoplasma</i>, and <i>Borrelia</i>. Other aerobic bacteria that clarithromycin has activity against include <i>C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae</i>. Clarithromycin has an in-vitro activity that is similar or greater than that of erythromycin against erythromycin-susceptible organisms. Clarithromycin is usually bacteriostatic, but may be bactericidal depending on the organism and the drug concentration.
Biological pathways
Source: PubChem (NCBI) · pathways from PathBank, Reactome, WikiPathways & PharmGKB.
Molecular reference: colour
PubChem CID 21786582Molecular formula: C13H18N2O
Source: PubChem (NCBI) · pathways from PathBank, Reactome, WikiPathways & PharmGKB.
Molecular reference: silica
PubChem CID 24261Molecular formula: O2Si
Mechanism of action
...Some quartz and cristobalite dusts (crystalline) as well as the diatomaceous earths (amorphous), but not the pyrogenic amorphous silica, were cytotoxic and induced morphological transformation of SHE cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The ranking in cytotoxicity was different from that in transforming potency, suggesting two separate molecular mechanisms for the two effects. The cytotoxic and transforming potencies were different from one dust to another, even among the same structural silicas. The type of crystalline structure (quartz vs cristobalite) and the crystalline vs biogenic amorphous form did not correlate with cytotoxic or transforming potency of silica dusts. Comparison of cellular effects induced by original and surface modified samples revealed that several surface functionalities modulate cytotoxic and transforming potencies. The cytotoxic effects appeared to be related to the distribution and abundance of silanol groups and to the presence of trace amounts of iron on the silica surface. Silica particles with fractured surfaces and/or iron-active sites, able to generate reactive oxygen species, induced SHE cell transformation. The results show that the activity of silica at the cellular level is sensitive to the composition and structure of surface functionalities and confirm that the biological response to silica is a surface originated phenomenon. In vivo exposure of rat lungs to crystalline silica either by intratracheal instillation or by inhalation results in an increase in mRNA levels for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALC), elevated nitric oxide (.NO) production by BALC, and an increase in .NO-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) from alveolar macrophages (AM). Induction of iNOS message occurs in both AM and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) harvested from silica-exposed lungs but is not significantly elevated in lavaged lung tissue. This review presents characteristics of simple and complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) as well as pathologic indices of acute and chronic silicosis by summarizing results of in vitro, animal, and human investigations. These results support four basic mechanisms in the etiology of CWP and silicosis: a) direct cytotoxicity of coal dust or silica, resulting in lung cell damage, release of lipases and proteases, and eventual lung scarring; b) activation of oxidant production by pulmonary phagocytes, which overwhelms the antioxidant defenses and leads to lipid peroxidation, protein nitrosation, cell injury, and lung scarring; c) activation of mediator release from alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells, which leads to recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages, resulting in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive species and in further lung injury and scarring; d) secretion of growth factors from alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells, stimulating fibroblast proliferation and eventual scarring. Results of in vitro and animal studies provide a basis for proposing these mechanisms for the initiation and progression of pneumoconiosis. Data obtained from exposed workers lend support to these mechanisms. /The authors/ reported previously that freshly fractured silica (FFSi) induces activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation through extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) and p38 kinase pathways. In the present study, the biologic activities of FFSi and aged silica (ASi) were compared by measuring their effects on the AP-1 activation and phosphorylation of ERKs and p38 kinase. The roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this silica-induced AP-1 activation were also investigated. FFSi-induced AP-1 activation was four times higher than that of ASi in JB6 cells. FFSi also caused greater phosphorylation of ERKs and p38 kinase than ASi. FFSi generated more ROS than ASi when incubated with the cells as measured by electron spin resonance (ESR). Studies using ROS-sensitive dyes and
Source: PubChem (NCBI) · pathways from PathBank, Reactome, WikiPathways & PharmGKB.
This drug in other countries
The same active ingredient registered across other registries we cover - including different brands.
- ALEVE® · Bayer Bitterfeld GMBH
- BEVAC® · Biological E. Limited
- CARBAMAZEPINE TABLETS 200MG · Medreich Limited
- CLAREM · Remedica
- CLAREM 250MG · Remedica
- COTRIMOL 400/80 · Ipca Labotratories Ltd