CO-EX SYRUP
JUSTICIA ADHOTODA, ASPIDOSPERMA, YERBA SANTA, IPECACUANHA, PASSIFLORA INCARNATA
What it does
Adhotoda is a herbal remedy commonly used for respiratory conditions.
Commonly used for: cough, asthma, bronchitis
Read more in plain English ↓Plain-language summary for general understanding - not medical advice. Always follow your pharmacist/doctor.
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Source: Pharmacy and Poisons Board · fetched 2026-01-28 20:27:06 · updated 2026-07-26 09:26:17
About adhotoda
Adhotoda is a herbal remedy commonly used for respiratory conditions.
What it treats
- cough
- asthma
- bronchitis
How it works
Adhotoda helps to clear mucus from the airways, making it easier to breathe.
Who it's for
It is often used by people suffering from breathing difficulties or respiratory illnesses.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About aspidosperma
Aspidosperma is a natural product derived from a tree that has been traditionally used for various health benefits.
What it treats
- cough
- respiratory conditions
How it works
Aspidosperma is thought to help clear mucus and ease breathing by relaxing the airways.
Who it's for
Aspidosperma may be used by adults and children with cough or respiratory issues.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About incarnata
Incarnata is a herbal remedy often used for its calming effects.
What it treats
- anxiety
- insomnia
- nervousness
How it works
Incarnata is believed to help promote relaxation and improve sleep quality.
Who it's for
It is suitable for adults experiencing stress or sleep disturbances.
Cautions
- • Consult a healthcare professional if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
- • May cause drowsiness; use caution when driving or operating machinery.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About ipecacuanha
Ipecacuanha is a natural medicine used to make you vomit in case of poisoning or overdose. It helps to remove harmful substances from the stomach.
What it treats
- poisoning
- overdose
How it works
Ipecacuanha works by stimulating the stomach to induce vomiting, helping to clear out toxins.
Who it's for
It is used for people who have ingested toxic substances or overdosed on certain medications.
Cautions
- • Not recommended for use in all poisoning cases, especially if the person is unconscious or having seizures.
- • Should not be used without medical advice.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About justicia
Justicia is a natural remedy that is often used in traditional medicine.
What it treats
- inflammation
- skin conditions
- fever
How it works
Justicia is believed to have properties that help reduce inflammation and may support the body in fighting infections.
Who it's for
Justicia may be used by people seeking natural remedies for various mild ailments.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About passiflora
Passiflora is a natural remedy often used to help with anxiety and sleep problems.
What it treats
- anxiety
- insomnia
- restlessness
How it works
Passiflora is thought to work by affecting certain chemicals in the brain that help regulate mood and sleep.
Who it's for
Passiflora is suitable for adults looking for a natural way to manage anxiety or improve sleep.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About santa
Santa is a medication used to treat various health conditions.
How it works
The exact way Santa works is not specified, but it helps improve health.
Who it's for
Santa is suitable for people who need treatment for certain health issues.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About yerba
Yerba is a natural product often used for its potential health benefits, including boosting energy and supporting overall wellness.
What it treats
- energy enhancement
- wellness support
How it works
Yerba may help increase energy levels and improve focus due to its natural compounds.
Who it's for
Adults looking for a natural way to boost energy and support their health.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
Clinical monograph: adhotoda
Adhatoda, commonly known as Adhatoda vasica, is a medicinal plant used traditionally in various cultures for its therapeutic benefits. It is primarily known for its use in respiratory conditions, such as asthma and bronchitis, due to its expectorant properties. The active compounds in Adhatoda, particularly vasicine, contribute to its pharmacological effects.
Indications
- Asthma
- Bronchitis
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Respiratory tract infections
- Cough
Dosage
Children: Dosage for paediatric patients should be determined based on clinical guidelines and the specific formulation in use. Consult the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing information.
Adults: Dosage recommendations for adults vary based on the formulation and condition being treated. Refer to specific guidelines or product information for precise dosing.
Mechanism of action
The primary mechanism of action of Adhatoda is attributed to vasicine, which acts as a bronchial muscle relaxant and an expectorant. It stimulates the respiratory tract's mucosal lining to enhance mucus secretion, thereby aiding in the expulsion of mucus and relieving congestion. Vasicine may also exhibit mild anti-inflammatory properties, further aiding in the alleviation of respiratory distress.
Pharmacodynamics
Adhatoda exhibits bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, improving airflow and alleviating symptoms associated with bronchospasm. Its expectorant properties help in reducing mucus viscosity, facilitating easier expectoration. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory effects may help reduce airway inflammation, improving overall respiratory function.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of Adhatoda are not extensively studied; however, the bioavailability of vasicine can be influenced by its formulation and route of administration. After oral administration, vasicine is absorbed and metabolized in the liver, with potential active metabolites contributing to its therapeutic effects. The elimination half-life and excretion pathways remain to be thoroughly elucidated.
Adverse effects
- Gastrointestinal disturbances
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Rash
- Hypotension
Interactions
- May interact with antihypertensive medications
- Possibility of increased effects when used with other respiratory stimulants
Precautions
- Use cautiously in patients with a history of hypotension
- Monitor for any allergic reactions
- Consider potential interactions with other medications
Pregnancy
Insufficient data on safety in pregnancy; use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Breast-feeding
Limited data available; consult healthcare provider before use.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
Formulations
- Dried leaves for infusion
- Powdered form for oral administration
- Extracts in various concentrations
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: aspidosperma
Aspidosperma is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, with species such as Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco known for their medicinal properties, particularly as sources of alkaloids with potential therapeutic effects. Traditionally, it has been used for its respiratory and stimulatory effects, particularly in the treatment of bronchitis and as a cough suppressant.
Indications
- Bronchitis
- Cough relief
- Respiratory stimulation
- Bronchial asthma (adjunct treatment)
Dosage
Children: Dosage must be determined based on the child's age, weight, and specific clinical condition. Consult pediatric dosing guidelines or a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.
Adults: Dosage varies depending on the specific formulation and indication. Refer to relevant medical guidelines or literature for specific dosing recommendations.
Mechanism of action
The active compounds in Aspidosperma, primarily the alkaloids, are thought to act by stimulating the respiratory center in the brain, enhancing respiratory drive. They may also exhibit bronchodilator effects, facilitating improved airflow in the lungs. The specific pathways involve modulation of neurotransmitter release and interactions with adrenergic receptors, promoting increased bronchial smooth muscle relaxation.
Pharmacodynamics
Aspidosperma exhibits a range of pharmacological effects, including respiratory stimulation and potential bronchodilation. The alkaloids may also have mild analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Their effects can vary based on the specific species and the concentration of active compounds present in the extracts.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of Aspidosperma alkaloids are not extensively studied. However, it is known that such compounds are typically absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, undergo hepatic metabolism, and are excreted primarily via the kidneys. The onset of action and duration can vary based on the formulation and route of administration.
Adverse effects
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Tachycardia
- Hypertension
- Dizziness
- Headache
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with cardiovascular disease
- Monitor for potential drug interactions with other cardiovascular medications
- Avoid use in individuals with known hypersensitivity to aspidosperma or its components
Pregnancy
There is insufficient data on the safety of aspidosperma during pregnancy. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Breast-feeding
It is not known whether aspidosperma is excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when administering to nursing mothers.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.
Formulations
- Oral tablet
- Liquid extract
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: incarnata
Incarnata, commonly known as passionflower, is a plant belonging to the Passifloraceae family. It has been traditionally used for its sedative and anxiolytic properties. The plant's aerial parts, including leaves and flowers, are often utilized in herbal medicine for various conditions, particularly those related to anxiety and sleep disorders. Incarnata is available in various forms, including teas, tinctures, and capsules.
Indications
- Anxiety
- Insomnia
- Stress
- Nervous tension
- Hyperactivity
Dosage
Children: Refer to established herbal dosage guidelines, as specific dosing may vary based on the formulation and preparation of incarnata for children. Always consult with a healthcare professional.
Adults: Refer to established herbal dosage guidelines, as specific dosing may vary based on the formulation and preparation of incarnata. Always consult with a healthcare professional.
Mechanism of action
The exact mechanism of action of incarnata is not fully understood, but it is believed to act on the central nervous system. It may enhance the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that promotes relaxation and reduces neuronal excitability. This action is thought to contribute to its calming effects, making it useful in treating anxiety and insomnia.
Pharmacodynamics
Incarnata exhibits sedative, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant effects. Its active constituents, including flavonoids and alkaloids, may interact with various neurotransmitter systems, primarily modulating GABAergic activity. This leads to a reduction in anxiety levels and an increase in sleep quality. The plant may also possess mild analgesic properties.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of incarnata are not well-characterized. However, it is generally believed that its active compounds are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The onset of action typically occurs within 30 to 60 minutes when taken orally, and the effects can last several hours. Metabolism occurs primarily in the liver, and excretion is likely through the kidneys, although specific pathways remain to be elucidated.
Adverse effects
- Drowsiness
- Dizziness
- Gastrointestinal upset
- Allergic reactions
Interactions
- Sedatives
- Alcohol
- Antidepressants
Precautions
- Use caution in patients with liver disease
- Use caution in patients with a history of substance abuse
- Not recommended for use in children without medical supervision
Pregnancy
Safety in pregnancy has not been established, use only if clearly needed.
Breast-feeding
Consult a healthcare provider, as safety in breastfeeding is not well established.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place, away from light and moisture.
Formulations
- Capsules
- Tablets
- Liquid extract
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: ipecacuanha
Ipecacuanha, derived from the roots of the plant Cephaelis ipecacuanha, is primarily known for its emetic properties. It has been historically used to induce vomiting in cases of poisoning or overdose, particularly with certain toxic substances. Although its use has declined in modern medicine due to the availability of more effective treatments, it remains a notable substance in the pharmacological landscape.
Indications
- Acute poisoning
- Overdose of certain toxins
- As an emetic in specific clinical scenarios
Dosage
Children: For children, the dosage is typically 10 to 15 mL of syrup of ipecac for children aged 1 year and older. Again, it is crucial to seek guidance from a poison control center or healthcare provider.
Adults: For adults, the typical dose for inducing emesis is 15 to 30 mL of syrup of ipecac, taken orally. However, due to the risks associated with its use, consultation with a poison control center or healthcare provider is recommended for specific situations.
Mechanism of action
Ipecacuanha contains alkaloids such as emetine and cephaeline, which stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla oblongata, leading to the induction of vomiting. These compounds also increase gastric motility and secretions, further contributing to its emetic effect.
Pharmacodynamics
The emetic action of ipecacuanha is dose-dependent, with lower doses potentially causing nausea without vomiting, while higher doses can lead to significant emesis. Its effects are mediated through the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.
Pharmacokinetics
Ipecacuanha is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 1-3 hours after administration. The elimination half-life and specific metabolic pathways of the active components are not well characterized, but they are believed to be metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily in urine.
Contra-indications
- Hypersensitivity to ipecacuanha
- Use in patients with a known or suspected bowel obstruction
- Concurrent use of emetics or in cases of poisoning with corrosive substances
Adverse effects
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal pain
- Drowsiness
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Hypotension
Interactions
- May interact with other emetics or central nervous system depressants
- Potential for altered absorption of orally administered medications due to vomiting
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with a history of cardiac issues
- Monitor for dehydration due to vomiting
- Not recommended for use in children without professional supervision
Pregnancy
Ipecacuanha is not recommended during pregnancy due to potential for adverse effects.
Breast-feeding
Caution is advised when using ipecacuanha while breastfeeding, as it may affect the infant.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.
Formulations
- Syrup
- Powder
- Capsules
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: justicia
Justicia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, commonly known as waterwashes or shrimps. Several species within this genus have been used traditionally in various cultures for their medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic effects. Justicia species are often utilized in herbal medicine to treat a variety of ailments, although scientific evidence regarding their efficacy and safety is limited.
Indications
- Anti-inflammatory treatment
- Antimicrobial therapy
- Pain relief
- Supportive therapy in respiratory conditions
- Traditional medicine for digestive issues
Dosage
Children: Refer to specific herbal product guidelines or consult a qualified herbalist for appropriate dosing.
Adults: Refer to specific herbal product guidelines or consult a qualified herbalist for appropriate dosing.
Mechanism of action
The mechanism of action of Justicia is not well-defined in scientific literature. However, it is believed that the bioactive compounds present in Justicia may exert their effects by modulating inflammatory pathways and inhibiting microbial growth. Some studies suggest that flavonoids and other phytochemicals found in Justicia may possess antioxidant properties, contributing to its therapeutic potential.
Pharmacodynamics
The pharmacodynamics of Justicia largely depend on the specific compounds present in the plant species used. Generally, the anti-inflammatory effects may be mediated through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, while antimicrobial activity could involve disruption of microbial cell membranes or interference with metabolic processes in pathogens. The exact relationship between dosage, plasma concentration, and therapeutic effect remains to be fully elucidated.
Pharmacokinetics
Limited pharmacokinetic data is available for Justicia, as studies often focus on specific compounds rather than the whole plant. However, it is expected that the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of Justicia's active constituents would be influenced by factors such as the mode of administration, solubility, and individual patient characteristics. Further investigations are needed to clarify the pharmacokinetics of Justicia extracts and their components.
Pregnancy
Insufficient data available to determine safety in pregnancy.
Breast-feeding
Insufficient data available; caution is advised while breastfeeding.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: passiflora
Passiflora, commonly known as passionflower, is a plant belonging to the Passifloraceae family. It has been traditionally used for its calming effects and is often utilized in herbal medicine for its sedative properties. Passiflora is primarily known for its potential to alleviate anxiety, insomnia, and other stress-related conditions, making it popular in complementary and alternative therapies.
Indications
- Anxiety disorders
- Insomnia
- Stress-related conditions
- Nervous tension
- Restlessness
Dosage
Children: Refer to established guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for specific dosing recommendations. Caution is advised when using herbal supplements in children.
Adults: Refer to established guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for specific dosing recommendations. Standardized extracts are commonly used in clinical practice.
Mechanism of action
The exact mechanism of action of Passiflora is not fully understood. However, it is believed to exert its effects primarily through modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. This interaction may enhance GABAergic activity, leading to anxiolytic and sedative effects. Additionally, Passiflora may influence serotonin and dopamine pathways, contributing to its mood-stabilizing properties.
Pharmacodynamics
Passiflora exhibits anxiolytic, sedative, and possibly muscle-relaxant effects. Its active constituents, such as flavonoids and alkaloids, are thought to play a role in its pharmacological effects. Clinical studies suggest that Passiflora may reduce anxiety levels and improve sleep quality without significant sedation, making it a preferred option for patients seeking relief from mild to moderate anxiety without the side effects commonly associated with synthetic anxiolytics.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of Passiflora are not well-characterized due to the complexity of its composition and the presence of various bioactive compounds. However, it is generally believed that the active constituents are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract after ingestion, with effects typically noted within an hour. The elimination half-life of Passiflora metabolites is not well-defined, and further research is needed to clarify its metabolism and excretion pathways.
Adverse effects
- Drowsiness
- Dizziness
- Confusion
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Allergic reactions
Interactions
- May enhance the effects of sedatives and CNS depressants
- Potential interaction with anticoagulants
- May interfere with the metabolism of certain medications processed by the liver
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with liver disease
- Monitor for increased sedation when used with other CNS depressants
- Not recommended for use in children without medical supervision
Pregnancy
There is insufficient data on the safety of passiflora during pregnancy. It is advised to avoid use unless directed by a healthcare provider.
Breast-feeding
There is limited information on the safety of passiflora while breastfeeding. Caution is advised.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.
Formulations
- Dried herb
- Tincture
- Extracts
- Capsules
- Tablets
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: santa
Santa is not a recognized pharmaceutical agent, and thus lacks a formal profile in pharmacology or clinical usage. It may refer to a colloquial or cultural term rather than a specific medication. Any related information would be purely anecdotal or based on non-scientific sources.
Dosage
Children: Dosage information is not available due to the lack of a recognized drug profile.
Adults: Dosage information is not available due to the lack of a recognized drug profile.
Pregnancy
Safety in pregnancy has not been established. Consult with a healthcare professional before use.
Breast-feeding
Safety during breastfeeding is not well established. Consult with a healthcare professional before use.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: yerba
Yerba mate is a traditional South American beverage made from the leaves of the Ilex paraguariensis plant. It is known for its stimulant effects, primarily due to its caffeine content. Yerba mate is consumed for its potential health benefits, including antioxidant properties and effects on mental alertness.
Indications
- Cognitive enhancement
- Increased physical endurance
- Antioxidant support
- Mood elevation
Dosage
Children: Refer to established guidelines for caffeine intake in children. Generally, caffeine consumption is not recommended for young children.
Adults: Refer to established guidelines for caffeine intake. Generally, moderation is advised.
Mechanism of action
Yerba mate contains several bioactive compounds, including caffeine, theobromine, and polyphenols. Caffeine acts as a central nervous system stimulant by antagonizing adenosine receptors, which enhances alertness and reduces fatigue. Theobromine may contribute to mood enhancement and relaxation effects, while polyphenols offer antioxidant protection.
Pharmacodynamics
The pharmacodynamic effects of yerba mate are largely attributed to its caffeine content, which can increase heart rate and blood pressure temporarily. It may also enhance physical performance and improve cognitive function. The antioxidants in yerba mate may help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress.
Pharmacokinetics
Caffeine is rapidly absorbed after ingestion, with peak plasma concentrations typically occurring within 1-2 hours. It is metabolized primarily in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP1A2. The half-life of caffeine varies widely among individuals, ranging from 3 to 7 hours, influenced by factors such as age, liver function, and genetic polymorphisms. Yerba mate's other components, such as theobromine, also exhibit variable absorption and metabolism.
Adverse effects
- Insomnia
- Nervousness
- Stomach upset
- Headaches
- Increased heart rate
- High blood pressure
- Gastrointestinal disturbances
Interactions
- Caffeine-containing products may enhance stimulant effects
- Anticoagulants may have increased bleeding risk
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may cause hypertensive reactions
- Stimulants may increase the risk of cardiovascular side effects
Precautions
- Use with caution in individuals with cardiovascular disorders
- May cause gastrointestinal irritation
- Monitor for side effects in patients with anxiety or sleep disorders
Pregnancy
Yerba mate should be avoided during pregnancy due to potential stimulant effects and insufficient safety data.
Breast-feeding
Caution is advised as caffeine can pass into breast milk; consult a healthcare professional.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
Formulations
- Loose leaf tea
- Tea bags
- Powdered extract
- Ready-to-drink beverages
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
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The same active ingredient registered across other registries we cover - including different brands.