DIAGON TABLETS

Indications

• Acute poisoning
• Drug overdose
• Gastrointestinal decontamination

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific pediatric dosing recommendations based on the child's weight and the clinical situation.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines depending on the type of poisoning and the clinical scenario.

Mechanism of action

Activated charcoal works through a process called adsorption, where toxins and drugs adhere to the surface of the charcoal particles due to electrostatic attractions and Van der Waals forces. This prevents the absorption of these substances in the gastrointestinal tract, allowing them to be excreted from the body.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of activated charcoal are related to its ability to bind a wide range of substances. The efficacy of activated charcoal varies depending on the type and amount of the toxin or drug ingested, as well as the time elapsed since ingestion. Generally, activated charcoal is most effective when administered within one hour of ingestion of a toxic substance.

Pharmacokinetics

Activated charcoal is not absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract; instead, it remains in the gut, where it binds to ingested substances and promotes their elimination via feces. Its effects are dose-dependent, and it is typically administered as a single dose, although multiple doses may be considered in certain cases of severe poisoning.

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Abdominal pain
• Aspiration pneumonia (if inhaled)
• Electrolyte imbalances

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with gastrointestinal obstruction
• Monitor for potential aspiration in patients with reduced consciousness
• Consider electrolyte levels in patients with significant diarrhea or vomiting

Pregnancy

Activated charcoal is generally considered safe for use in pregnancy, but consult a healthcare professional before use.

Breast-feeding

Activated charcoal is excreted in breast milk, use with caution and consult a healthcare professional.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Activated charcoal powder
• Activated charcoal capsules
• Activated charcoal tablets

Indications

• Dyspepsia
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Vaccination as an adjuvant

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing; pediatric dosing varies based on age, weight, and formulation.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing; generally, aluminium antacids are taken as needed, with doses determined by the severity of symptoms.

Mechanism of action

Aluminium compounds exert their effects primarily by neutralizing gastric acid, which increases the pH of stomach contents. This activity reduces gastric acidity, providing symptomatic relief from heartburn and indigestion. In the context of vaccines, aluminium salts act as immunological adjuvants, enhancing the body's immune response to the antigen present in the vaccine.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of aluminium include the neutralization of gastric acids and the enhancement of the immune response. The antacid effect decreases the acidity of gastric secretions, leading to increased comfort in patients with acid-related disorders. As an adjuvant in vaccines, it improves the body's immunogenic response, resulting in a more effective long-term immunity.

Pharmacokinetics

Aluminium compounds are not significantly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract when used as antacids, and their systemic bioavailability is low. In the case of parenterally administered aluminium (e.g., in vaccines), the absorption can vary, but the majority of the aluminium is eventually excreted via the kidneys. The half-life of aluminium in the body depends on various factors, including the form of aluminium, the route of administration, and individual patient factors such as renal function.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to aluminium or any of its components
• Severe renal impairment

Adverse effects

• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Headache
• Electrolyte imbalances
• Aluminium toxicity (with chronic use or in patients with renal impairment)

Interactions

• Antacids may interfere with the absorption of certain medications
• Phosphate supplements may be less effective when taken with aluminium-containing products

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with renal impairment
• Monitor for signs of aluminium toxicity in long-term use
• Assess dietary phosphorus levels in patients taking aluminium-containing medications

Pregnancy

Aluminium is generally considered safe during pregnancy when used as directed, but excessive exposure should be avoided.

Breast-feeding

Aluminium is excreted in breast milk but is not expected to cause harm in nursing infants when used appropriately.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Aluminium hydroxide gel
• Aluminium carbonate
• Aluminium phosphate

Indications

• Acute diarrhea
• Non-specific diarrhea
• Acute gastroenteritis
• Adjuvant treatment for diarrheal diseases

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines and local protocols, as dosing may vary depending on formulation and clinical situation.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines and local protocols, as dosing may vary depending on formulation and clinical situation.

Mechanism of action

Attapulgite exerts its therapeutic effects through a physical mechanism. It adsorbs toxins, bacteria, and other harmful substances in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby reducing irritation and improving stool consistency. The clay's large surface area enhances its adsorption capacity, allowing it to bind to various agents in the gut.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of attapulgite are primarily related to its role as an adsorbent. By adsorbing excess fluids, it decreases the motility of the intestines and helps to normalize bowel movements. This effect is beneficial in alleviating symptoms associated with diarrhea. Additionally, its adsorption properties help to remove pathogens and toxins from the gut, contributing to its therapeutic efficacy.

Pharmacokinetics

Attapulgite is not absorbed systemically; it acts locally within the gastrointestinal tract. Its onset of action is generally within hours after administration, depending on the formulation and dosage. The clay is excreted unchanged in the feces, which means that its effects are limited to the gut without systemic exposure.

Adverse effects

• Constipation
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Abdominal discomfort

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with severe constipation or bowel obstruction
• Monitor for potential dehydration in patients with prolonged diarrhea

Pregnancy

Attapulgite is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy, however, it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider.

Breast-feeding

Attapulgite is considered compatible with breastfeeding, but it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from moisture.

Formulations

• Oral suspension
• Powder for oral solution
• Tablets

Indications

• Nutritional supplementation
• Herbal therapy for various conditions
• Preservation of medicinal properties of plants

Dosage

Children: Dosage for dried herbal preparations in children should be approached cautiously and is best determined by a healthcare professional. Refer to paediatric guidelines for specific dosing recommendations.

Adults: Dosage for dried herbal preparations varies widely depending on the specific herb and its intended use. Refer to specific guidelines or reputable sources for dosing information.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action for dried herbal preparations varies depending on the specific plant material involved. Generally, the active constituents in dried herbs can exert their effects through various pathways, such as modulating neurotransmitter systems, influencing metabolic pathways, and acting on specific receptors in the body. For instance, flavonoids, terpenes, and alkaloids found in certain dried herbs can exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, or antimicrobial properties.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of dried drugs depend on their specific chemical constituents. These compounds can affect physiological functions, such as modulating inflammatory responses, enhancing immune function, or affecting neurotransmission. The effects can vary widely based on the type of herb, the method of drying, and the concentration of active ingredients.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of dried herbal preparations can vary significantly based on the specific herb used. Generally, after ingestion, the active compounds are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized primarily by the liver, and then excreted through urine or feces. The bioavailability of these compounds can be influenced by factors such as the form of the preparation (e.g., powder, extract), the presence of other food substances, and individual patient characteristics.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established. Consult a healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Consult a healthcare provider before use during breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific guidelines for pediatric dosing; consult the BNF for Children for accurate dosage information.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines for use; dosage may vary based on the context of use.

Mechanism of action

Hydroxide ions act primarily as bases, neutralizing acids to form water and salts. They participate in various biochemical pathways, including selenium metabolism and the degradation of reactive oxygen species. Hydroxide can influence enzyme activity and stability by altering the pH of the environment, thereby affecting metabolic reactions.

Pharmacodynamics

Hydroxide ions can impact biological processes by changing the local pH, which influences enzyme activity, ion transport, and the solubility of other compounds. Their ability to neutralize acids can help regulate physiological pH, contributing to homeostasis in living organisms.

Pharmacokinetics

As an inorganic ion, hydroxide does not undergo traditional pharmacokinetic processes like absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion. Instead, it is rapidly equilibrated in biological fluids and participates in acid-base reactions, having immediate effects on the local environment.

Pregnancy

There is limited information regarding the use of hydroxide during pregnancy. Consult a healthcare professional for advice.

Breast-feeding

Limited data is available on the excretion of hydroxide in breast milk. Consult a healthcare professional before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.