EMTRITAF 200/25

Indications

• HIV infection

Dosage

Children: Child 4 months–17 years (body-weight up to 33 kg): 6 mg/kg once daily. Child 4 months–17 years (body-weight 33 kg and above): 240 mg once daily.

Adults: 200 mg once daily by mouth using capsules or 240 mg once daily by mouth using oral solution.

Mechanism of action

Emtricitabine is a cytidine analog that, when phosphorylated to emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate, competes with deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. It incorporates itself into the viral DNA during replication, leading to chain termination. This prevents the incorporation of additional nucleotides and inhibits the transcription of viral RNA into DNA, thereby preventing viral replication.

Pharmacodynamics

Emtricitabine acts by competing with natural substrates of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, leading to the termination of viral DNA synthesis. It has a long duration of action, allowing for once-daily dosing. Clinicians should monitor for potential side effects, including lactic acidosis and hepatomegaly with steatosis, which can occur with nucleoside analogs.

Pharmacokinetics

Emtricitabine is absorbed well following oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations occurring approximately 1 to 2 hours post-dose. It has a long half-life, allowing for its once-daily administration. Emtricitabine is primarily excreted through the kidneys, and dosage adjustments may be necessary in patients with renal impairment. It is metabolized minimally by the liver.

Contra-indications

• Severe hepatic impairment
• Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min)

Adverse effects

• Decreased appetite
• Asthenia
• Constipation
• Diarrhoea
• Dizziness
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Flatulence
• Gastrointestinal discomfort
• Headache
• Abnormal dreams
• Dyspepsia
• Hyperbilirubinaemia
• Hyperglycaemia
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Hypertriglyceridaemia
• Neutropenia
• Pain
• Rash
• Pustular skin reactions
• Sleep disorders
• Angioedema (uncommon)

Interactions

• Cobicistat and elvitegravir may impact emtricitabine efficacy
• Potential for increased risk of treatment failure in pregnancy when used with elvitegravir
• Monitor for changes in drug levels when co-administered with other antiretrovirals

Precautions

• Caution in patients with hepatic impairment due to increased risk of side effects
• Monitor renal function regularly, particularly in those with existing renal impairment
• Patients should be advised on the risks of lactic acidosis and hepatomegaly with steatosis

Pregnancy

Not recommended for initiation during pregnancy due to risk of treatment failure and maternal-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Women who become pregnant during therapy should be switched to an alternative regimen.

Breast-feeding

Emtricitabine is excreted in human breast milk, caution is advised when administering to breastfeeding mothers.

Storage

Store in the original container, protected from moisture, and keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• 200 mg capsules
• 240 mg oral solution

Indications

• HIV-1 infection
• HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing recommendations in pediatric populations.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing guidelines based on individual patient factors and the presence of comorbidities.

Mechanism of action

Alafenamide is converted to its active form, tenofovir diphosphate, which inhibits the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. This inhibition interferes with viral RNA replication, preventing the virus from multiplying and reducing the viral load in the body. Additionally, tenofovir diphosphate is incorporated into viral DNA, leading to termination of the DNA chain and further impeding viral replication.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic profile of alafenamide is consistent with that of tenofovir, showing potent activity against HIV-1. Its mechanism involves the competitive inhibition of reverse transcriptase and incorporation into viral DNA, which results in reduced viral replication. Resistance can develop through mutations in the reverse transcriptase enzyme; however, alafenamide maintains activity against certain resistant strains.

Pharmacokinetics

Alafenamide has a high oral bioavailability, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 0.5 to 1 hour after administration. It is rapidly converted to tenofovir after absorption. The drug has a tissue distribution that favors lymphoid tissues, where HIV is often harbored. Alafenamide is predominantly eliminated via renal pathways; however, its active metabolite, tenofovir, has a longer half-life, allowing for once-daily dosing regimens. The pharmacokinetics can be affected by renal function and other medications that impact renal clearance.

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Rash
• Elevated liver enzymes
• Renal impairment

Interactions

• CYP3A4 inducers may decrease alafenamide levels
• CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase alafenamide levels
• Other medications that affect renal function may interact

Precautions

• Monitor renal function before and during treatment
• Assess for signs of liver toxicity
• Use caution in patients with a history of liver disease

Pregnancy

Use during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Data on human pregnancy are limited.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether alafenamide is excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when administered to breastfeeding women.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Oral tablet

Indications

• HIV infection
• Chronic hepatitis B

Dosage

Children: Refer to BNF for Children for specific pediatric dosing information.

Adults: Refer to BNF for specific dosing information.

Mechanism of action

Once tenofovir is activated by bi-phosphorylation, it functions as an antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonate. It inhibits viral reverse transcriptase, exhibiting an inhibitory constant of approximately 0.022 micromolar. Tenofovir competes with deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate to generate new viral DNA, leading to chain termination and inhibition of viral replication. Its safety profile is maintained due to its low affinity for cellular DNA polymerases, including mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma.

Pharmacodynamics

Tenofovir has demonstrated high efficacy in treatment-naive HIV patients, showing comparable effectiveness to efavirenz while exhibiting lower toxicity than some other antiretrovirals, such as stavudine. In patients with hepatitis B, tenofovir treatment has been associated with undetectable viral DNA levels after one year.

Pharmacokinetics

Tenofovir is absorbed after oral administration and is primarily eliminated by the kidneys. It has a half-life that allows for once-daily dosing and achieves therapeutic concentrations in plasma and tissues. The metabolism of tenofovir involves conversion to its active form, which is then incorporated into viral DNA, leading to its antiviral effects.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to tenofovir or any excipients in the formulation
• Severe renal impairment (CrCl < 30 mL/min) without appropriate dosage adjustment

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Renal impairment
• Bone density loss
• Lactic acidosis

Interactions

• Antiepileptics (carbamazepine, fosphenytoin, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone) with tenofovir alafenamide: Severe (decreases exposure)
• Tipranavir with tenofovir alafenamide: Severe (decreases exposure)
• Rifamycins with tenofovir alafenamide: Severe (decreases exposure)
• St John’s Wort with tenofovir alafenamide: Severe (decreases exposure)
• Fostemsavir with tenofovir disoproxil: Moderate (increases exposure)
• Fostemsavir with tenofovir alafenamide: Moderate (increases exposure)
• Ciclosporin with tenofovir alafenamide: Unknown (increases exposure)
• Ciclosporin with tenofovir disoproxil: Unknown (increases exposure)
• Eltrombopag with tenofovir alafenamide: Unknown (increases exposure)
• Eltrombopag with tenofovir disoproxil: Unknown (increases exposure)

Precautions

• Monitor renal function regularly during treatment
• Use with caution in patients with a history of renal disease
• Consider bone density monitoring in patients on long-term therapy

Pregnancy

Tenofovir is categorized as a pregnancy category B drug. Animal studies have not shown any harm, but human data is limited. Weigh risks and benefits when prescribing during pregnancy.

Breast-feeding

Tenofovir is excreted in breast milk, but the amount is considered low. The benefits of breastfeeding should be considered against the potential risk of HIV transmission.

Storage

Store at room temperature (20-25°C) in a tightly closed container. Keep away from light and moisture.

Mechanism of action

Emtricitabine is a cytidine analog which, when phosphorylated to emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate, competes with deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. As HIV-1 reverse transcriptase incorporates emtricitabine into forming DNA strands, new nucleotides are unable to be incorporated, leading to viral DNA chain termination. Inhibition of reverse transcriptase prevents transcription of viral RNA into DNA, therefore the virus is unable to incorporate its DNA into host DNA and replicate using host cell machinery. This reduces viral load. Emtricitabine, a synthetic nucleoside analog of cytosine, is phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to form emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate. Emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate inhibits the activity of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by competing with the natural substrate deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate and by being incorporated into nascent viral DNA which results in chain termination. Emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase alpha, beta, epsilon and mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma.

Pharmacodynamics

Emtricitabine is a cytidine analog that competes with the natural substrate of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase to be incorporated into newly formed DNA, terminating its transcription. It is administered once daily so it has a long duration of action. Patients should be counselled regarding the risk of lactic acidosis and hepatomegaly with steatosis.

Mechanism of action

Once tenofovir is activated by a bi-phosphorylation it acts as an antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonate. It is a potent inhibitor of the viral reverse transcriptase with an inhibitory constant of approximately 0.022 micromolar. Once activated, tenofovir acts with different mechanisms including the inhibition of viral polymerase causing chain termination and the inhibition of viral synthesis. All these activities are attained by its competition with deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate in the generation of new viral DNA. Once tenofovir is incorporated in the chain, it induces a chain termination which in order inhibits viral replication. The safety of tenofovir relies on its low affinity towards the cellular DNA polymerase including the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma.

Pharmacodynamics

Tenofovir has been shown to be highly effective in patients that have never had an antiretroviral therapy and it seemed to have lower toxicity than other antivirals such as [stavudine]. In phase 3 clinical trials, tenofovir presented a similar efficacy than [efavirenz] in treatment-naive HIV patients. In hepatitis B infected patients, after one year of tenofovir treatment, the viral DNA levels were undetectable.