What it does
Ephedrine is a medication used to treat certain conditions related to breathing and to raise blood pressure when it is too low.
Commonly used for: asthma, bronchospasm, low blood pressure (hypotension)
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Source: Pharmacy and Medicines Regulatory Authority · fetched 2026-04-21 17:37:38 · updated 2026-09-19 04:30:22
About this medicine
Ephedrine is a medication used to treat certain conditions related to breathing and to raise blood pressure when it is too low.
What it treats
- asthma
- bronchospasm
- low blood pressure (hypotension)
How it works
Ephedrine works by stimulating the heart and opening the airways, making it easier to breathe and helping to increase blood flow.
Who it's for
This medication is for patients who have breathing difficulties or low blood pressure.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
Clinical monograph: epherine
Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine that acts primarily as a bronchodilator and a respiratory stimulant. It is commonly used to treat conditions such as asthma and bronchospasm, as well as for its vasopressor effects in hypotensive states. Ephedrine stimulates the adrenergic receptors, leading to various physiological effects including increased heart rate, bronchodilation, and increased blood pressure.
Indications
- Asthma
- Bronchospasm
- Hypotension
- Nasal congestion
Dosage
Children: Refer to BNF for Children for appropriate dosing. Pediatric doses are typically weight-based and should be calculated carefully.
Adults: Refer to specific guidelines or BNF resources for appropriate dosing. Typical adult doses vary based on condition and route of administration.
Mechanism of action
Ephedrine acts as a nonselective agonist of adrenergic receptors, particularly beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs, leading to bronchodilation. It also stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors, which causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. Additionally, ephedrine has indirect sympathomimetic effects by promoting the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings.
Pharmacodynamics
Ephedrine's primary pharmacodynamic effects include increased bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, enhanced cardiac output, and vasoconstriction. It increases the release of catecholamines, which further amplifies its effects on heart rate and blood pressure. The onset of action can be rapid, with peak effects occurring within 1-2 hours, depending on the route of administration.
Pharmacokinetics
Ephedrine is well absorbed following oral administration, with bioavailability around 30-90%. It is metabolized mainly by the liver and has a half-life of approximately 3-6 hours. The drug is excreted primarily in the urine, with renal clearance being an important factor in its elimination. The pharmacokinetics can be influenced by factors such as pH and urinary flow rates.
Contra-indications
- Severe hypertension
- Severe coronary artery disease
- Hyperthyroidism
- Pheochromocytoma
- History of hypersensitivity to ephedrine or other sympathomimetics
Adverse effects
- Insomnia
- Nervousness
- Dizziness
- Palpitations
- Tachycardia
- Hypertension
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Headache
- Dry mouth
Interactions
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may enhance the effects of ephedrine
- Other sympathomimetics may increase the risk of cardiovascular side effects
- Antihypertensives may have reduced efficacy
- Caffeine may increase the stimulant effects
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with cardiovascular disorders
- Monitor blood pressure and heart rate regularly
- May exacerbate pre-existing conditions such as diabetes or hyperthyroidism
- Caution in the elderly due to increased sensitivity to sympathomimetics
Pregnancy
Ephedrine is classified as category C. Its use should be avoided unless the potential benefits outweigh the risks.
Breast-feeding
Ephedrine is excreted in breast milk. Caution is advised when administering to nursing mothers.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Keep out of reach of children.
Formulations
- Oral tablets
- Injectable solution
- Syrup
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.