(carbonate · DailyMed)
EPSYLAM DT 100
Blackcurrant flavour 2.00 mg/6 mL,Echinacea Purpurea juice 8.00 mg/6 mL,Lamotrigine 100.00 mg/6 mL,Magnesium Carbonate 88.00 mg/6 mL,Magnesium Stearate 4.00 mg/6 mL,Microcrystalline cellulose (PH101) 88.00 mg/6 mL,Polacrilin Potassium 20.00 mg/6 mL,Povidone (K-30) 4.00 mg/6 mL,Rifampicin 86.00 mg/6 mL
What it does
Blackcurrant is a natural supplement that may provide health benefits, particularly for its antioxidant properties.
Commonly used for: supporting immune health, reducing inflammation, improving eye health
Read more in plain English ↓Plain-language summary for general understanding - not medical advice. Always follow your pharmacist/doctor.
Ask about this medicine
Answers come only from this medicine's registration record, BNF monograph and interaction data - not medical advice.
Medicine sourcing is available in Kenya only. We don't sell or dispense medicines - licensed pharmacies do.
Sourcing - Kenya onlyRegistration & product details
Source: Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority · fetched 2026-03-11 23:48:13 · updated 2026-09-17 03:00:44
Drug Interactions
356Pharmacodynamic Warnings
Lamotrigine appears in TABLE 11: Drugs with CNS depressant effects
Severe (85)
Abemaciclib - decreases exposure
Rifampicin is predicted to markedly decrease the exposure to abemaciclib. Avoid.
Abiraterone - decreases exposure
Rifampicin is predicted to decrease the exposure to anti-androgens (abiraterone). Avoid.
Acalabrutinib - decreases exposure
Rifampicin is predicted to decrease the exposure to acalabrutinib. Avoid.
Anti-Androgens - decreases exposure
Rifampicin is predicted to decrease the exposure to anti-androgens (abiraterone). Avoid.
Antiarrhythmics - decreases exposure
Rifampicin is predicted to decrease the exposure to antiarrhythmics (disopyramide, dronedarone). Avoid.
Moderate (95)
Alprazolam - decreases exposure
Rifampicin is predicted to decrease the exposure to benzodiazepines (alprazolam). Adjust dose.
Amlodipine - decreases exposure
Rifampicin is predicted to decrease the exposure to calcium channel blockers (amlodipine, felodipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, nicardipine, nimodipine). Monitor and adjust dose.
Antiepileptics - increases concentration
Intravenous chloramphenicol increases the concentration of antiepileptics (fosphenytoin, phenytoin) and antiepileptics (fosphenytoin, phenytoin) affect the concentration of intravenous chloramphenicol
Antiepileptics - decreases concentration
Diazoxide decreases the concentration of antiepileptics (fosphenytoin, phenytoin) and antiepileptics (fosphenytoin, phenytoin) are predicted to decrease the effects of diazoxide. Monitor concentration
Antiepileptics - increases concentration
Disulfiramincreasestheconcentrationofantiepileptics (fosphenytoin,phenytoin).Monitorconcentrationandadjust dose.rStudy →AlsoseeTABLE12p.1520
Unknown (176)
Abrocitinib - decreases exposure
Rifampicinispredictedtodecreasetheexposuretoabrocitinib. Avoid.oStudy
Afatinib - decreases exposure
Rifampicin is predicted to decrease the exposure to afatinib.
Agomelatine - decreases exposure
Rifampicinispredictedtodecreasetheexposureto agomelatine.oTheoretical
Alfentanil - decreases exposure
Rifampicin is predicted to decrease the exposure to opioids (alfentanil, fentanyl).
Aliskiren - decreases exposure
Rifampicin decreases the exposure to aliskiren.
Data from BNF 85 (British National Formulary). This is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Matched via: exact
About blackcurrant
Blackcurrant is a natural supplement that may provide health benefits, particularly for its antioxidant properties.
What it treats
- supporting immune health
- reducing inflammation
- improving eye health
How it works
Blackcurrant contains antioxidants that help protect the body from damage caused by harmful substances.
Who it's for
Adults looking for natural ways to support overall health and well-being.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About carbonate
Carbonate is used to help manage acidity in the stomach and can be found in various over-the-counter products.
What it treats
- stomach acidity
- indigestion
- heartburn
How it works
Carbonate helps neutralize stomach acid, providing relief from discomfort caused by excess acidity.
Who it's for
Adults and children experiencing symptoms of stomach acidity or indigestion.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About cellulose
Cellulose is a type of fiber that helps with digestion and promotes bowel health.
What it treats
- constipation
- irregular bowel movements
How it works
Cellulose adds bulk to the stool, making it easier to pass through the intestines.
Who it's for
Suitable for people looking to improve their digestive health.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About echinacea
Echinacea is a natural supplement often used to help boost the immune system.
What it treats
- to support the immune system
- to help prevent or treat colds and infections
How it works
Echinacea may help stimulate the body's immune response to fight off infections.
Who it's for
It is often used by adults and children looking to support their health during cold and flu season.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About flavour
Flavour is used to enhance the taste of products and make them more enjoyable.
What it treats
- improving the taste of foods and drinks
- masking unpleasant tastes in medications
How it works
Flavours work by stimulating our taste buds, making foods and drinks taste better.
Who it's for
Flavour can be used by anyone who wants to improve the taste of their food or beverages.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About juice
Juice is a natural beverage made from fruits or vegetables, often consumed for hydration and nutritional benefits.
What it treats
- hydration
- providing vitamins and minerals
- supporting digestive health
How it works
Juice provides essential nutrients and hydration that can help support overall health.
Who it's for
Juice can be enjoyed by people of all ages seeking a refreshing drink with added health benefits.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About lamotrigine
Lamotrigine is a medication primarily used to control seizures in epilepsy and to help stabilize mood in bipolar disorder.
What it treats
- seizures (epilepsy)
- bipolar disorder
How it works
Lamotrigine works by stabilizing electrical activity in the brain, helping to prevent seizures and mood swings.
Who it's for
It is prescribed for people with epilepsy and those experiencing mood episodes related to bipolar disorder.
Drug class
Antiepileptics
Cautions
- • Be cautious if using other medications that can cause drowsiness or sedation.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About microcrystalline
Microcrystalline is a type of substance often used in medicines to help with various health issues. It is commonly used as a filler or binder in tablets and capsules.
What it treats
- stomach issues
- constipation
- weight management
How it works
It helps to improve the texture of medicines and can assist in the absorption of other ingredients in the body.
Who it's for
Adults and children who need help with specific health conditions, as directed by a healthcare professional.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About polacrilin
Polacrilin is a medication used to help with certain digestive issues by binding to substances in the stomach.
What it treats
- digestive problems
- stomach discomfort
How it works
It works by absorbing excess substances in the stomach, which helps to alleviate symptoms.
Who it's for
This medication is suitable for adults and children experiencing digestive discomfort.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About povidone
Povidone is a synthetic polymer often used as a disinfectant and to help deliver medications in various forms.
What it treats
- skin infections
- wound care
- eye infections (conjunctivitis)
How it works
Povidone works by killing bacteria and other germs, helping to prevent infections.
Who it's for
Povidone is suitable for people needing treatment for skin or eye infections.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About purpurea
Purpurea is a natural remedy that may be used to support various health conditions.
What it treats
- respiratory infections
- common colds
- asthma
How it works
Purpurea is believed to boost the immune system and help the body fight off infections.
Who it's for
It may be suitable for adults and children who are dealing with respiratory issues or infections.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About rifampicin
Rifampicin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, especially tuberculosis.
What it treats
- tuberculosis (TB)
- bacterial infections
How it works
Rifampicin works by stopping the growth of bacteria, helping to clear infections from the body.
Who it's for
Rifampicin is for adults and children who have specific bacterial infections, particularly those with tuberculosis.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
Clinical monograph: Rifampicin
BNF-referencedRifampicin is a bactericidal antibiotic that is primarily used to treat infections caused by mycobacteria, particularly tuberculosis. It works by inhibiting RNA synthesis in bacteria, making it effective against both intracellular and extracellular strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is often used in combination with other antitubercular agents to prevent the development of drug resistance.
Indications
- Tuberculosis, in combination with other drugs
- Prevention of tuberculosis in susceptible close contacts
- Brucellosis in combination with other antibacterials
- Legionnaires disease in combination with other antibacterials
- Serious staphylococcal infections in combination with other antibacterials
- Endocarditis in combination with other drugs
Dosage
Children: For children aged 1–11 years: 10 mg/kg every 12 hours (maximum per dose 600 mg
Adults: 600 mg daily for 6 months, or 600 mg every 12 hours for 2 days in specific conditions such as endocarditis.
Mechanism of action
Rifampicin binds to the beta-subunit of microbial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibiting the enzyme and impeding RNA synthesis. This action forms a stable drug-enzyme complex that suppresses the initiation of chain formation in RNA synthesis, although it does not affect chain elongation. Importantly, rifampicin has no activity against mammalian RNA polymerase, highlighting its selective antibacterial properties.
Pharmacodynamics
Rifampicin exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, particularly against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is bactericidal, effective in killing both intracellular and extracellular bacteria. The drug's efficacy is enhanced when used in combination with other antitubercular medications, helping to reduce the risk of developing multi-drug resistant tuberculosis.
Pharmacokinetics
Rifampicin is well absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 2 to 4 hours. It is extensively metabolized in the liver, primarily by cytochrome P450 enzymes, and has a half-life of approximately 3 to 5 hours. The drug is excreted mainly in bile, with some renal excretion. It also has the potential to induce liver enzymes, which may affect the metabolism of co-administered drugs.
Contra-indications
- Acute porphyrias
- Jaundice
Adverse effects
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Abdominal discomfort
- Thrombocytopenia
- Leucopenia
- Acute kidney injury
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Agranulocytosis
- Discoloration of soft contact lenses
Interactions
- Severe interaction with atovaquone (increases exposure)
- Severe interaction with abemaciclib (decreases exposure)
- Severe interaction with acalabrutinib (decreases exposure)
- Severe interaction with anti-androgens (decreases exposure)
- Severe interaction with abiraterone (decreases exposure)
- Severe interaction with darolutamide (decreases exposure)
- Severe interaction with antiarrhythmics (decreases exposure)
- Severe interaction with disopyramide (decreases exposure)
- Severe interaction with dronedarone (decreases exposure)
- Severe interaction with isavuconazole (decreases exposure)
Pregnancy
Rifampicin should be used in pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Breast-feeding
Rifampicin is excreted in breast milk. Caution is advised when administering to nursing mothers.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.
Formulations
- Oral capsules
- Oral suspension
- Injectable solution
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: Lamotrigine
BNF-referencedLamotrigine is an antiepileptic medication primarily used for the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. It is indicated for monotherapy in focal seizures and primary and secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, as well as adjunctive therapy for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Lamotrigine stabilizes neuronal membranes and modulates neurotransmitter release, particularly inhibiting excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate.
Indications
- Monotherapy of focal seizures
- Monotherapy of primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures
- Monotherapy of secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures
- Adjunctive therapy in partial-onset seizures
- Seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
- Bipolar disorder management
Dosage
Adults: Initially, 25 mg once daily for 14 days, then increased to 50 mg once daily for a further 14 days, with adjustments of up to 100 mg every 7–14 days; maintenance dose of 100–200 mg daily in 1–
Mechanism of action
Lamotrigine exerts its effects by inhibiting voltage-sensitive sodium channels, which stabilizes neuronal membranes and reduces the release of presynaptic excitatory neurotransmitters. It selectively binds to inactive sodium channels, which suppresses sodium currents and contributes to its anticonvulsant properties. Additionally, lamotrigine displays weak binding to various receptors, including serotonin and adenosine receptors, contributing to its diverse pharmacological effects.
Pharmacodynamics
Lamotrigine effectively prevents seizures and mood symptoms by stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes, thus preventing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate that are implicated in seizure activity. Its metabolite can cause dose-dependent cardiovascular effects, such as prolongation of the PR interval and widening of the QRS complex, although this metabolite is present in trace amounts in humans.
Pharmacokinetics
Lamotrigine is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations occurring about 1.5 to 3 hours after oral administration. It undergoes hepatic metabolism through glucuronidation, and its half-life can be affected by concurrent medications and hepatic function. The presence of enzyme inducers can significantly reduce its plasma concentration, while enzyme inhibitors can increase it, necessitating careful monitoring and dose adjustments.
Adverse effects
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Nausea
- Rash
- Insomnia
- Blurred vision
- Aseptic meningitis
- Toxic epidermal necrolysis
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Interactions
- Cenobamate may decrease lamotrigine concentration
- Desmopressin may increase the risk of hyponatraemia when used with lamotrigine
- Hormonal contraceptives (desogestrel, etonogestrel, levonorgestrel, norethisterone) may have decreased effectiveness with lamotrigine
- Ritonavir may decrease lamotrigine exposure
- Nirmatrelvir boosted with ritonavir may decrease lamotrigine concentration
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment
- Monitor for signs of serious skin reactions
- Counsel patients regarding driving and skilled tasks due to potential dizziness
- Monitor neurodevelopment in infants if used during breastfeeding
Pregnancy
Specialist sources indicate caution in use, potential risks should be evaluated against benefits.
Breast-feeding
Use with caution only if no suitable alternative; present in milk.
Storage
Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat.
Formulations
- Lamotrigine 2 mg tablets
- Lamotrigine 5 mg tablets
- Lamotrigine 25 mg tablets
- Lamotrigine 50 mg tablets
- Lamotrigine 100 mg tablets
- Lamotrigine 200 mg tablets
- Oral solution available
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: blackcurrant
Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) is a fruit-bearing shrub known for its high vitamin C content and antioxidant properties. It is commonly used in dietary supplements and herbal remedies for its potential health benefits, including supporting immune function and promoting cardiovascular health. Blackcurrant extracts are often formulated in various forms, such as juices, capsules, and powders, making them accessible for consumption.
Indications
- Nutritional support for immune function
- Antioxidant support
- Support for cardiovascular health
- Symptom relief in inflammatory conditions
- Support for eye health
Dosage
Children: Refer to product-specific guidelines as dosing may vary based on formulation and intended use.
Adults: Refer to product-specific guidelines as dosing may vary based on formulation and intended use.
Mechanism of action
Blackcurrant contains a variety of phytochemicals, including anthocyanins, flavonoids, and vitamin C, which contribute to its health benefits. The anthocyanins, particularly, exhibit antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress in the body. This mechanism may help to improve vascular function and enhance blood circulation, as well as modulate inflammatory processes.
Pharmacodynamics
The pharmacodynamics of blackcurrant is largely attributed to its bioactive compounds. Anthocyanins have been shown to improve endothelial function and reduce blood pressure in some studies. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory properties of blackcurrant may aid in alleviating symptoms of conditions like arthritis and support overall joint health. Its immunomodulatory effects may also enhance the body's defense against infections.
Pharmacokinetics
The bioavailability of blackcurrant compounds can vary based on the form of consumption (e.g., juice vs. extract) and individual metabolism. After ingestion, anthocyanins are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and undergo metabolic conversion in the liver. Their metabolites are then distributed throughout the body, exerting effects on various tissues. The elimination half-life of these compounds is not well defined, but they are generally excreted through urine.
Pregnancy
Blackcurrant is generally considered safe during pregnancy when consumed in food amounts. However, concentrated extracts should be used cautiously and under the guidance of a healthcare provider.
Breast-feeding
Blackcurrant is likely safe during breastfeeding when consumed in food amounts. Limited data is available on concentrated extracts, so caution is advised.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.
Formulations
- Dried blackcurrant berries
- Blackcurrant juice
- Blackcurrant extract
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: carbonate
BNF-referencedCarbonate is a polyatomic ion with the molecular formula CO3^2-. It plays a critical role in various biological processes, including the regulation of pH in biological systems and the formation of bicarbonate, which is essential for maintaining acid-base balance. Carbonates are commonly found in nature and are involved in buffering systems in blood and other bodily fluids.
Mechanism of action
Carbonate ions participate in buffering reactions that help maintain pH homeostasis in biological systems. They can react with acids to form bicarbonate and carbon dioxide, thus neutralizing excess acidity in the body. This mechanism is crucial in processes such as respiration and metabolism.
Pharmacodynamics
As a buffer, carbonate helps to stabilize pH levels in different biological environments, preventing excessive acidity or alkalinity that could impair cellular functions. It is involved in the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood and plays a role in maintaining the acid-base equilibrium necessary for physiological processes.
Pharmacokinetics
Carbonate ions are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract when ingested and can be found in various body fluids. They are involved in the bicarbonate buffering system, where they are converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-) and carbon dioxide (CO2) through reactions with acids. The kidneys regulate the levels of bicarbonate and carbonate in the body, excreting or reabsorbing them as needed to maintain homeostasis.
Pregnancy
There is no specific information available regarding the use of carbonate compounds during pregnancy. Consult a healthcare provider for advice.
Breast-feeding
There is no specific information available regarding the use of carbonate compounds while breastfeeding. Consult a healthcare provider for advice.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: cellulose
Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate and a key structural component of the plant cell wall. It is an indigestible polysaccharide made up of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. As a dietary fiber, cellulose contributes to digestive health by promoting bowel regularity and is commonly used as a laxative and bulking agent in various food products and pharmaceuticals.
Indications
- Constipation
- Dietary fiber supplementation
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Diverticular disease
- Weight management
Dosage
Children: Refer to appropriate guidelines for specific dosage; generally taken with adequate fluid intake.
Adults: Refer to appropriate guidelines for specific dosage; generally taken with adequate fluid intake.
Mechanism of action
Cellulose acts primarily as a bulk-forming laxative. It absorbs water in the intestines, which increases stool bulk and stimulates peristalsis, thus facilitating bowel movements. Additionally, cellulose is not digestible by human enzymes, leading to fermentation by gut bacteria, which may enhance gut health and alter gut microbiota composition.
Pharmacodynamics
Cellulose increases stool weight and frequency of bowel movements. It works by retaining water in the intestines, leading to softer stools and improved passage through the gastrointestinal tract. The bulking effect of cellulose can help alleviate constipation and promote overall digestive health. It may also play a role in cholesterol reduction and glycemic control through its effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Pharmacokinetics
Cellulose is not absorbed into the bloodstream due to its indigestible nature. Instead, it passes through the gastrointestinal tract, where it adds bulk to the stool. Its fermentation by colonic bacteria produces short-chain fatty acids, which may have beneficial effects on colon health. The onset of action for cellulose as a laxative can vary but is generally within 24 to 72 hours after ingestion.
Adverse effects
- Bloating
- Flatulence
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal discomfort
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with a history of gastrointestinal disorders.
- Monitor for potential allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
Pregnancy
Cellulose is generally considered safe during pregnancy as it is a non-toxic, indigestible fiber.
Breast-feeding
Cellulose is also considered safe during breastfeeding; it is excreted in breast milk in negligible amounts.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
Formulations
- Powder
- Capsules
- Tablets
- Granules
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: echinacea
Echinacea is a herbal supplement derived from the Echinacea plant, commonly used to support the immune system and prevent or treat respiratory infections, particularly the common cold. It is believed to have immunostimulatory properties, making it a popular choice in complementary and alternative medicine.
Indications
- Prevention of the common cold
- Treatment of upper respiratory tract infections
- Support for immune system function
Dosage
Children: Refer to specific product guidelines as doses can vary depending on the formulation and concentration of echinacea.
Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines as doses can vary depending on the formulation and concentration of echinacea.
Mechanism of action
Echinacea is thought to stimulate the immune system by increasing the activity of macrophages and other immune cells. It may enhance the production of cytokines, which are critical for coordinating the immune response. The active components, including alkylamides, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides, may also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects.
Pharmacodynamics
Echinacea shows immunomodulatory effects, enhancing phagocytosis, promoting the release of interferons, and increasing the number of white blood cells. It may also exhibit antioxidant properties, reducing oxidative stress in immune cells. These effects contribute to its potential in reducing the duration and severity of cold symptoms.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of echinacea are not well-defined due to its complex mixture of active compounds. However, it is known to be rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 1 to 2 hours. The elimination half-life is variable, and the bioavailability of its active components can be influenced by factors such as preparation method and individual metabolism.
Contra-indications
- Hypersensitivity to echinacea or any of its components
- Autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, lupus)
- Severe allergies, particularly to plants in the Asteraceae family
Adverse effects
- Allergic reactions including rash, itching, and swelling
- Gastrointestinal upset such as nausea and diarrhea
- Dizziness
- Headache
Interactions
- May interact with immunosuppressants, potentially reducing their effectiveness
- Possible interaction with anticoagulants, increasing the risk of bleeding
- May affect the metabolism of certain medications by influencing cytochrome P450 enzymes
Precautions
- Use with caution in individuals with allergies, especially to plants
- Caution in patients with asthma, as it may exacerbate symptoms
- Consult healthcare professional before use in patients with liver disorders
Pregnancy
Safety during pregnancy has not been established; use with caution and consult a healthcare professional.
Breast-feeding
Limited data available; consult a healthcare professional before use while breastfeeding.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.
Formulations
- Oral capsules
- Liquid extracts
- Teas
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: flavour
Flavour agents, often referred to as flavorings, are substances added to food and beverages to impart a specific taste or aroma. They can be natural or artificial and are widely used in the food industry to enhance palatability and consumer acceptance of products. Natural flavors are derived from fruits, vegetables, spices, and other plant materials, while artificial flavors are synthesized to mimic natural tastes.
Indications
- Enhancement of taste in food and beverages
- Improvement of palatability in nutritional products
- Masking undesirable flavors in medications
Dosage
Children: There is no specific pediatric dosage for flavor agents as they are used as needed to improve the taste of food and beverages.
Adults: There is no specific dosage for flavor agents as they are used as needed to achieve the desired taste and aroma in food and beverages.
Mechanism of action
Flavor compounds interact with taste receptors on the tongue, stimulating the sensory neurons responsible for taste perception. This interaction influences the overall flavor profile of food and beverages, enhancing the eating experience. Some flavors may also have a psychological effect, stimulating appetite or evoking pleasant memories associated with certain tastes.
Pharmacodynamics
While flavor agents are primarily used for sensory enhancement in food, their pharmacodynamic effects are minimal as they are not designed to elicit a pharmacological response. However, certain flavors may influence digestion and metabolism indirectly by enhancing saliva production or affecting gut motility. The enjoyment of flavored products can also lead to increased food intake and satisfaction.
Pharmacokinetics
Flavour compounds are typically ingested and metabolized by the body. Their absorption rates can vary depending on their chemical structure and formulation. Once ingested, they may be rapidly metabolized in the liver and other tissues, with excretion primarily via urine. The specific pharmacokinetic profiles of flavor agents can vary significantly based on their source and chemical properties.
Pregnancy
Flavours are generally considered safe for use during pregnancy, but specific assessments should be made based on the type of flavouring agent.
Breast-feeding
Most flavouring agents are deemed safe during breastfeeding, although it's advisable to consult healthcare professionals regarding specific ingredients.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Ensure that the container is tightly sealed to prevent contamination.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: juice
Juice is a liquid extracted from fruits and vegetables, often consumed for its nutritional benefits. It may contain vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, contributing to overall health. Juice can vary in composition depending on the fruit or vegetable source, and it is often marketed for specific health benefits, such as immune support or digestive health. While juice can be a source of hydration and nutrients, it may also contain high levels of sugars, especially when concentrated or sweetened.
Indications
- Nutritional supplementation
- Hydration
- Antioxidant support
- Immune system support
- Digestive health
Dosage
Children: Refer to specific juice labels for serving sizes and nutritional content, as these can vary widely.
Adults: Refer to specific juice labels for serving sizes and nutritional content, as these can vary widely.
Mechanism of action
Juice primarily provides vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals that can have various biological effects in the body. For example, vitamin C, found in many fruit juices, acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. Other components, like flavonoids and carotenoids, may also contribute to health benefits through anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects.
Pharmacodynamics
The pharmacodynamics of juice depend on its specific components. For example, fruit juices rich in vitamin C can enhance immune function and promote collagen synthesis, while juices high in potassium can aid in blood pressure regulation. The bioavailability of these nutrients can vary based on the type of juice, preparation method, and individual metabolism.
Pharmacokinetics
The absorption and metabolism of nutrients in juice occur primarily in the gastrointestinal tract. Water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C, are absorbed in the small intestine and distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream. The presence of dietary fiber in whole fruits can slow down the absorption of sugars and enhance satiety, though this is less relevant in juice as the fiber content is often reduced during extraction. The elimination of excess vitamins occurs through renal excretion.
Pregnancy
Juice consumption in moderation is generally considered safe during pregnancy. However, it is important to choose pasteurized juices to avoid the risk of foodborne illness.
Breast-feeding
Most juices are safe to consume while breastfeeding, but it is advisable to monitor for any potential allergic reactions in the infant, particularly with juices that are known allergens.
Storage
Juices should be stored in a cool, dry place and refrigerated after opening. Fresh juices should be consumed within a few days to prevent spoilage.
Formulations
- fresh juice
- bottled juice
- frozen juice concentrate
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: microcrystalline
Microcrystalline cellulose is a refined wood pulp, commonly used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations. It serves as a bulking agent and stabilizer in tablets and capsules, improving the physical properties of the drug formulation. It is characterized by its ability to absorb moisture and provide a suitable texture for various dosage forms.
Indications
- Used as an excipient in tablet formulations
- Used as a bulking agent in capsule formulations
- Used in food products as a thickener or stabilizer
Dosage
Children: Refer to specific product guidelines as dosage will depend on the formulation and the active ingredients.
Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines as dosage will depend on the formulation and the active ingredients.
Mechanism of action
Microcrystalline cellulose acts as a non-digestible filler that enhances the flow properties of powders during the manufacturing of tablets and capsules. It does not have a direct pharmacological action on the body but ensures that the active ingredients are effectively delivered to the patient.
Pharmacodynamics
As a non-active ingredient, microcrystalline cellulose does not exert pharmacodynamic effects typical of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Its primary role is to provide a stable and consistent matrix for the drug, facilitating the release of the active compound once ingested.
Pharmacokinetics
Microcrystalline cellulose is not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract; it passes through the digestive system largely unchanged. It adds bulk to the stool, which may aid in promoting regular bowel movements. The substance is excreted in feces, where it contributes to dietary fiber intake.
Pregnancy
Data regarding the use of microcrystalline cellulose during pregnancy is limited. It is advisable to consult with healthcare professionals before use.
Breast-feeding
Microcrystalline cellulose is considered safe during breastfeeding, as it is not absorbed systemically.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: polacrilin
Polacrilin is a synthetic polymer used primarily as a pharmaceutical excipient and as an active ingredient in certain formulations. It acts as an absorbent and is known for its ability to bind with various substances, making it useful in gastrointestinal disorders. Polacrilin is commonly utilized in the treatment of diarrhea and in the management of hyperlipidemia as it can influence the absorption of dietary fats and certain medications.
Indications
- Diarrhea
- Cholesterol management
- Hyperlipidemia
Dosage
Children: Refer to specific product guidelines or consult a pharmacist for dosing information.
Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines or consult a pharmacist for dosing information.
Mechanism of action
Polacrilin works by adsorbing bile acids and other substances in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby reducing their availability for absorption. This mechanism helps in reducing fat absorption and managing conditions such as diarrhea by decreasing the osmotic load. The polymer structure of polacrilin allows it to interact with various ions and molecules, facilitating its role as an ion-exchange resin.
Pharmacodynamics
Polacrilin exhibits a high capacity for binding bile acids, which contributes to its effectiveness in lowering cholesterol levels and managing diarrhea. The binding of bile acids leads to increased fecal excretion of bile salts, which can result in decreased cholesterol reabsorption and subsequently lower serum cholesterol levels. Additionally, the absorbent properties of polacrilin aid in the reduction of stool frequency and fluidity in cases of diarrhea.
Pharmacokinetics
Polacrilin is not significantly absorbed systemically due to its high molecular weight and polymeric nature. It acts locally within the gastrointestinal tract, where it exerts its effects. The elimination of polacrilin occurs through fecal excretion, as it is not metabolized by the body. Its effects are dose-dependent, with higher doses leading to greater binding capacity and an increased impact on gastrointestinal motility.
Adverse effects
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Abdominal discomfort
- Bloating
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with gastrointestinal disorders
- Monitor for potential electrolyte imbalances
Pregnancy
Polacrilin is classified as a category C drug. Its safety during pregnancy has not been established, and it should only be used if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Breast-feeding
It is not known whether polacrilin is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when administering to nursing mothers.
Storage
Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Keep out of reach of children.
Formulations
- Oral suspension
- Tablet form
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: povidone
Povidone, also known as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), is a synthetic polymer that is used as a water-soluble binder, stabilizer, and film-forming agent in various pharmaceutical formulations. It is recognized for its ability to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of drugs, making it valuable in both topical and oral therapies. Povidone has antiseptic properties and is commonly used in wound care, surgical scrubs, and as an excipient in medications.
Indications
- Topical antiseptic for skin disinfection
- Surgical scrubs and hand sanitizers
- Wound care management
- Pharmaceutical excipient in solid and liquid formulations
Dosage
Children: Refer to specific product guidelines for pediatric dosing recommendations, as doses can vary based on formulation and intended use.
Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing recommendations, as doses can vary based on the formulation and intended use.
Mechanism of action
Povidone acts by forming a complex with iodine when used as an antiseptic, which releases iodine slowly to exert its antimicrobial effect. The iodine disrupts microbial cell walls and interferes with protein synthesis, leading to cell death. Additionally, as a polymer, povidone can enhance drug solubility and stability by forming a hydrophilic matrix.
Pharmacodynamics
Povidone has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Its antiseptic properties are primarily due to the release of iodine, which is effective in reducing microbial load and preventing infection. The polymer's ability to bind to various substances allows it to be utilized in formulations that require improved stability and solubility.
Pharmacokinetics
Povidone is not absorbed systemically when applied topically, as it remains localized at the site of application. Its pharmacokinetics are largely dependent on the formulation and route of administration, with the polymer being metabolized by hydrolysis and excreted in urine as low-molecular-weight compounds. The release and activity of iodine are influenced by the concentration of povidone and the presence of organic matter.
Adverse effects
- Local irritation
- Allergic reactions
- Skin rashes
- Hypersensitivity reactions
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with known allergies to iodine or povidone-iodine
- Avoid use in deep puncture wounds or serious burns
Pregnancy
Povidone is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy, but it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional before use.
Breast-feeding
Povidone is considered safe during breastfeeding, but it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional.
Storage
Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Keep the container tightly closed.
Formulations
- Topical solution
- Ointment
- Surgical scrub
- Gauze impregnated with povidone-iodine
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: purpurea
Purpurea, commonly known as the purple foxglove, is a plant that contains cardiac glycosides, particularly digoxin and digitoxin. These compounds are primarily used in the treatment of heart conditions. The plant has a history of use in traditional medicine, particularly for its effects on heart rhythm and function. However, the use of purpurea or its extracts should be approached with caution due to the potential for toxicity and side effects.
Indications
- Heart failure
- Atrial fibrillation
- Atrial flutter
- Supraventricular tachycardia
Dosage
Children: Pediatric dosing should be determined based on clinical guidelines and individual patient factors. It is essential to consult appropriate pediatric dosing references.
Adults: Dosage should be individualized based on clinical response, renal function, and serum concentration monitoring. Refer to specific guidelines for dosing considerations.
Mechanism of action
The active compounds in purpurea, such as digoxin, exert their effects by inhibiting the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in cardiac myocytes. This inhibition leads to an increase in intracellular sodium concentrations, which in turn promotes calcium influx via the sodium-calcium exchanger. The increased calcium levels enhance contractility of the heart muscle (positive inotropic effect), and also help to regulate heart rate by increasing vagal tone and decreasing conduction through the atrioventricular node.
Pharmacodynamics
Purpurea exhibits positive inotropic effects, increasing the force of myocardial contraction, which is beneficial in conditions like heart failure. It also has a negative chronotropic effect, helping to slow down a rapid heart rate. The therapeutic window for the active compounds is narrow, making monitoring of serum levels essential to avoid toxicity.
Pharmacokinetics
The bioavailability of digoxin, one of the primary active ingredients from purpurea, is approximately 60-80% when taken orally. It is primarily eliminated through renal pathways, with a half-life of approximately 36-48 hours in patients with normal renal function. The distribution volume is extensive due to its binding to tissues, particularly cardiac tissues. Factors such as renal function, age, and body weight can significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of purpurea-derived compounds.
Pregnancy
The safety of purpurea during pregnancy has not been established. It is advised to avoid use unless the potential benefits outweigh the risks.
Breast-feeding
Due to lack of data on the excretion of purpurea in breast milk, caution is recommended when used while breastfeeding.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Keep out of reach of children.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Molecular reference: Lamotrigine
PubChem CID 3878Molecular formula: C9H7Cl2N5
Mechanism of action
The exact mechanism of action of lamotrigine is not fully elucidated, as it may exert cellular activities that contribute to its efficacy in a range of conditions. Although chemically unrelated, lamotrigine actions resemble those of phenytoin and carbamazepine, inhibiting voltage-sensitive sodium channels, stabilizing neuronal membranes, thereby modulating the release of presynaptic excitatory neurotransmitters. Lamotrigine likely acts by inhibiting sodium currents by selective binding to the inactive sodium channel, suppressing the release of the excitatory amino acid, glutamate. The mechanism of action of lamotrigine in reducing anticonvulsant activity is likely the same in managing bipolar disorder. Studies on lamotrigine have identified its binding to sodium channels in a fashion similar to local anesthetics, which could explain the demonstrated clinical benefit of lamotrigine in some neuropathic pain states. Lamotrigine displays binding properties to several different receptors. In laboratory binding assays, it demonstrates weak inhibitory effect on the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor. Lamotrigine also weakly binds to Adenosine A1/A2 receptors, α1/α2/β adrenergic receptors, dopamine D1/D2 receptors, GABA A/B receptors, histamine H1 receptors, κ-opioid receptor (KOR), mACh receptors and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors with an IC50>100 µM. Weak inhibitory effects were observed at sigma opioid receptors. An in vivo study revealed evidence that lamotrigine inhibits Cav2.3 (R-type) calcium currents, which may also contribute to its anticonvulsant effects. Spectrophotometry with the Ca(++)-sensitive dye fura-2 was used to study the effect of lamotrigine (LAG) on the depolarization-evoked Ca++ influx in the acutely isolated basolateral amygdala neurons. Depolarization of the neurons with high K+ resulted in the elevation of intracellular Ca++ concentration [Ca++]i in a concentration-dependent manner. The K(+)-induced Ca++ influx was completely blocked in the Ca(++)-free solution or by Cd++, indicating that depolarization-induced increases in [Ca++]i were triggered largely, if not completely, by Ca++ entry from extracellular space and Ca++ entry occurred through voltage-dependent Ca++ channels. Application of LAG reduced the depolarization-evoked Ca++ influx in a concentration-dependent manner. The effect of LAG was markedly reduced in the presence of N-type Ca++ channel blocker omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CgTX). These results suggest that the action of LAG is mediated, at least in part, by the modulation of N-type Ca++ channels. Lamotrigine (LAG) is an antiepileptic drug which is believed to suppress seizures by inhibiting the release of excitatory neurotransmitters. The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of LAG on the 4-aminopyridine (4AP)-evoked glutamate release in cerebrocortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes). LAG inhibited the release of glutamate evoked by 4AP in a concentration-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect was associated with a reduction in the depolarization-evoked increase in the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]C). In addition, LAG did not alter the resting synaptosomal membrane potential or 4AP-evoked depolarization. Furthermore, ionomycin-evoked glutamate release was not affected by LAG. Based on these results, we suggest that presynaptic calcium influx blockade and inhibition of glutamate release may underlie the mechanism of action of LAG. These action may also contribute to their neuroprotective properties in excitotoxic injury.
Pharmacodynamics
Lamotrigine likely prevents seizures and prevents mood symptoms via stabilizing presynaptic neuronal membranes and preventing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate, which contribute to seizure activity. A note on cardiovascular effects The metabolite of lamotrigine, 2-N-methyl metabolite (formed by glucuronidation), is reported to cause dose-dependent prolongations of the PR interval, widening of the QRS complex, and at higher doses, complete AV block. Although this harmful metabolite is only found in trace amounts in humans, plasma concentrations may increase in conditions that cause decreased drug glucuronidation, such as liver disease.
Source: PubChem (NCBI) · pathways from PathBank, Reactome, WikiPathways & PharmGKB.
Molecular reference: Rifampicin
PubChem CID 135398735Molecular formula: C43H58N4O12
Mechanism of action
Rifampin works by binding to the beta-subunit of microbial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP), thereby inhibiting the enzyme and impeding RNA synthesis. It reduces the affinity of RNAP for short RNA transcripts. It has no activity against the mammalian RNAP enzyme. Although rifampin is most active during cell multiplication ... /it/ appears to have some effect on resting cells. Electron microscopy has revealed changes in cytoplasm and disappearance of ribosomes in tubercle bacilli exposed to rifampin, indicating inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Rifampin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of mycobacteria and other microorganisms by forming a stable drug-enzyme complex, leading to suppression of initiation of chain formation (but not chain elongation) in RNA synthesis. More specifically, the beta subunit of this complex enzyme is the site of action of the drug, although rifampin binds only to the holoenzyme. Nuclear RNA polymerase from a variety of eukaryotic cells does not bind rifampin, and RNA synthesis is correspondingly unaffected. While rifampin can inhibit RNA synthesis in mammalian mitochondria, considerably higher concentrations of the drug are required than for the inhibition of the bacterial enzyme. High concentrations of rifamycin antibiotics also inhibit viral DNA-dependent RNA polymerases and reverse transcriptases. Rifampin is bactericidal for both intracellular and extracellular microorganisms. Developmental expression of CYPlAl, CYPlA2 and CYP3A6 in the rabbit have been studied. Cytochromes P450IAl, P450IA2 and P450IIIA6 exhibited comparable patterns of developmental expression. Present at low level (less than 0.05 mnol/ng) in the new born animal up to week 3, these proteins sharply accumulated between weeks 3 and 4 to reach a maximum by week 4 (P450IAl, 0.2 nmol/mg; P450IA2, 0.8 nmol/ng; P450IIIA6, 0.12 nmol/mg) and decr in the adult (P450IAl, 0.2 nmol/mg; P450IA2, 0.4 mnol/mg; P450IIIA6, 0.09 nmol/mg). Cytochromes P450IAl and P450IA2 were not expressed in the untreated fetus. Onset of CYP3A6 gene expression occurred at day 30 of gestation and both transcription and mRNA accumulation were transplacentally inducible by rifampicin only shortly before birth, i.e. after treatment of the females between days 28 and 30 of gestation. Both long (1.85 kb) and short (1.7 kb) mRNA transcripts were expressed in untreated or rifampicin treated fetuses. CYP3A6 gene expression was also induced by rifampicin in l week old and 2 week old animals. Developmental expression of CYPlAl and CYPlA2 genes was shown to be closely related to the diet change accompanying weaning which occurs at weeks 3-4. In animals subjected to either delayed (week 6) or early (week 2) weaning, sharp accumulation of messages, proteins and related activities were delayed or anticipated accordingly with respect to normal weaning. Artificially scheduled weaning gave similar results when repeated with biological grade lucern (grown in the absence of chemical fertilizers, pesticides) ... the main constituent of commercial rabbit chow. While CYP3A6 gene expression could be brought forward by early weaning at week 2, both message and protein did not exhibit incr accumulation after delayed weaning at week 6, and remained at the low level of the new born animal. Treatment of l week old and 2 week old animals with triiodothyronine or of 3 week old animals with propylthiouracil, an antithyroid factor, did not modify the normal pattern of developmental expression of genes CYPlAl, CYPlA2 and CYP3A6. ...
Pharmacodynamics
Rifampin is an antimicrobial agent with bactericidal effects and a broad-spectrum activity. It is active against intracellular and extracellular _Mycobacterium tuberculosis_.
Biological pathways
Source: PubChem (NCBI) · pathways from PathBank, Reactome, WikiPathways & PharmGKB.
Molecular reference: carbonate
PubChem CID 19660Molecular formula: CO3-2
Biological pathways
Source: PubChem (NCBI) · pathways from PathBank, Reactome, WikiPathways & PharmGKB.
This drug in other countries
The same active ingredient registered across other registries we cover - including different brands.
- BELL'S ANTACID MIXTURE ( Magnesium Trisilicate/Light Magnessium Carbonate/Sodium Bicarbonate 2.5%w/v/ 2.5%w/v/ 2.5%w/v 2.5%w/v) · Bells Sons & Company
- BETASEP SOLUTION · Jamjoom Pharmaceuticals
- BHM MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE MIXTURE SUSPENSION (Each 5ml contains Magnesium Trisilicate/ Light Magnesium Carbonate / Sodium Bicarbonate 250mg/250mg/250mg) · Evangelist Temple Bryant Mission
- CALCID-DENK TABLETS (Each effervescent tablet contains Calcium carbonate/Cholecalciferol 1000mg/22µg) · Losan Pharma
- CALVION TABLETS · Medopharm
- CLAVUAID 1000 TABLETS · Reyoung Pharmaceuticals
- AKURIT-KID TABLETS · Lupin
- ALEVE® · Bayer Bitterfeld GMBH
- DENCIUM-ND3 · Pulse Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd
- EPITEC · Cipla Ltd
- ETIMIB-DENK 10 MG · Artesan Pharma
- GAVISCON LIQUID PEPPERMINT SUSPENSION · Reckitt Benckiser