Equilis Prequenza Te

Indications

• Autism Spectrum Disorders
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Anxiety Disorders
• Depression
• Cerebral Palsy
• Physical Rehabilitation

Dosage

Children: Refer to the specific therapeutic regimen determined by a healthcare professional, as equine therapy is individualized based on patient needs.

Adults: Refer to the specific therapeutic regimen determined by a healthcare professional, as equine therapy is individualized based on patient needs.

Mechanism of action

Equine therapy operates on several levels. The physical interaction with horses can enhance gross motor skills and encourage physical fitness. Psychologically, the bond formed between horse and human can foster emotional healing, reduce anxiety, and build confidence. The rhythmic motion of riding has been shown to have a calming effect on individuals, mimicking similar movements to those experienced in a therapeutic setting. Moreover, the social interaction involved in caring for and riding horses may improve communication skills and socialization.

Pharmacodynamics

Equine therapy itself does not involve pharmacological agents; however, it may influence the psychobiological pathways in the body. The interactions evoke hormonal responses that can alter levels of cortisol and adrenaline, enhancing relaxation and reducing stress. The therapeutic environment can also promote the release of endorphins, contributing to a sense of well-being and happiness.

Pharmacokinetics

As equine therapy does not involve drugs, pharmacokinetics is not applicable. However, the effects on the body can vary based on individual patient characteristics, the specific condition treated, and the duration and frequency of the therapy sessions. Factors such as age, physical condition, and psychological state can influence therapeutic outcomes.

Pregnancy

Equine products should be used with caution during pregnancy, as there is limited data on their safety. Consultation with a healthcare professional is recommended.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding is not well established; therefore, caution is advised when using equine products in nursing mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Prevention of influenza virus infection
• Reduction of the severity of influenza illness
• Protection for high-risk groups against influenza complications

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations for paediatric patients based on age and health status.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing recommendations for adult patients based on the type of vaccine and individual health status.

Mechanism of action

Influenza vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the influenza virus. When the body is exposed to the virus, these antibodies help to prevent infection or mitigate the severity of the disease. The vaccines may contain inactivated virus or live attenuated virus, depending on the formulation.

Pharmacodynamics

Upon administration of the influenza vaccine, the immune system recognizes the viral antigens and generates a specific immune response. This response includes the production of antibodies, primarily immunoglobulin G (IgG), which can neutralize the virus and prevent its replication. The response varies based on individual health status and age.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of influenza vaccines vary by type. After intramuscular or subcutaneous administration, the vaccine components are absorbed into the systemic circulation, leading to the production of antibodies. Peak antibody levels typically occur within 2 to 4 weeks after vaccination. The half-life of antibodies can vary, but they generally persist for several months, providing immunity against future infections.

Interactions

• normal immunoglobulin + influenza vaccine live: Unknown (decreases efficacy)

Pregnancy

Influenza vaccination is recommended during pregnancy, especially in the second and third trimesters, as it protects both mother and fetus.

Breast-feeding

Influenza vaccination is safe during breastfeeding and provides passive immunity to the infant.

Storage

Influenza vaccines should be stored in a refrigerator at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius. Do not freeze.

Indications

• Tetanus prophylaxis
• Treatment of tetanus infection
• Management of tetanus symptoms

Dosage

Children: Refer to the specific guidelines for tetanus immunoglobulin and other supportive treatments as per clinical protocols.

Adults: Refer to the specific guidelines for tetanus immunoglobulin and other supportive treatments as per clinical protocols.

Mechanism of action

The tetanus toxin binds to the presynaptic membrane of motor neurons and is transported retrogradely to the spinal cord, where it interferes with neurotransmitter release, particularly inhibiting the release of glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), leading to unopposed motor neuron activity and resultant muscle rigidity and spasms.

Pharmacodynamics

Tetanus toxin is one of the most potent toxins known, with effects that can manifest within hours of exposure. The toxin's ability to block inhibitory neurotransmitter release results in a state of continuous muscle contraction, known as tetany. The clinical presentation of tetanus includes trismus (lockjaw), muscle rigidity, and autonomic instability, among others.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of tetanus toxin are complex due to its high potency and the nature of its action. Following entry into the body, the toxin binds to nerve endings and is internalized, leading to its effects on neurotransmitter release. The half-life of the toxin is not well defined as it does not circulate freely in the bloodstream but acts locally at the neuromuscular junction. Recovery from the effects of the toxin may take weeks to months, depending on the severity of the infection and the treatment provided.

Adverse effects

• Pain at the injection site
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Nausea

Precautions

• Ensure patient is up to date with vaccinations
• Monitor for allergic reactions post-vaccination
• Consider history of neurological disorders

Pregnancy

Tetanus vaccination is considered safe during pregnancy and is recommended to protect both the mother and the newborn.

Breast-feeding

Tetanus vaccination is safe during breastfeeding and does not affect the nursing infant.

Storage

Store in a refrigerator at 2–8 degrees Celsius. Do not freeze.

Formulations

• Tetanus toxoid vaccine

Indications

• Diphtheria prophylaxis
• Tetanus prophylaxis
• Pertussis prophylaxis (when combined with other vaccines)

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations for pediatric immunization with toxoids.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines for each toxoid vaccine, as dosing may vary based on the type of vaccine and individual patient factors.

Mechanism of action

Toxoids work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the toxin without causing disease. When administered, the immune system recognizes the toxoid as a foreign substance and generates a specific immune response. This includes the production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that can neutralize the active toxin if the individual is exposed to the bacteria in the future.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of toxoids involve the activation of the adaptive immune response. After vaccination, dendritic cells present the antigen to T cells, which then help B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce specific antibodies. The presence of these antibodies provides immunity against the toxin by neutralizing its effects, thereby preventing the disease associated with the original bacterial toxin.

Pharmacokinetics

Toxoids are typically administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. Following administration, they are gradually taken up by antigen-presenting cells, which then process and present the toxoid to T cells. The immunogenic response can develop over several weeks. The duration of immunity can vary, necessitating booster doses to maintain adequate antibody levels over time.

Adverse effects

• Local reactions at the injection site, such as pain, swelling, or redness.
• Fever.
• Fatigue.
• Headache.
• Allergic reactions in rare cases.

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with a history of severe allergic reactions to a vaccine component.
• Monitor patients for allergic reactions post-vaccination.

Pregnancy

Toxoids are generally considered safe during pregnancy; however, consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended.

Breast-feeding

Toxoids are considered safe for use during breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a refrigerator at 2-8°C. Do not freeze. Protect from light.

Formulations

• Diphtheria toxoid
• Tetanus toxoid
• Pertussis toxoid

Indications

• Influenza
• HIV/AIDS
• Hepatitis B and C
• Herpes simplex virus infections
• Cytomegalovirus infections
• COVID-19
• Respiratory syncytial virus infections

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific antiviral agents for dosing guidance.

Adults: Refer to specific antiviral agents for dosing guidance.

Mechanism of action

Viruses infect host cells by attaching to specific receptors on the cell surface. Once inside, they hijack the host cell's machinery to replicate their genetic material and produce viral proteins. New viral particles are assembled and released from the host cell, often destroying the cell in the process. The specific mechanism can vary depending on the virus type, including integration into the host genome in retroviruses or utilizing specific pathways for replication.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of antiviral agents depend on the specific virus and the mechanism of action. Antiviral drugs may inhibit viral entry into host cells, block viral replication, or prevent the assembly of new virions. The effectiveness of antiviral therapy often relates to the stage of viral replication and the immune response of the host.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics of antiviral drugs varies widely based on the specific medication used. Generally, antiviral agents are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. They may undergo hepatic metabolism and are often excreted through the kidneys. The half-life of these drugs can range from a few hours to several days, influencing dosing schedules.

Indications

• Malaria

Dosage

Children: null

Adults: null

Pharmacodynamics

null

Pharmacokinetics

null

Contra-indications

• Known allergy to the drug
• Pregnancy (unless under medical supervision)
• Severe renal impairment

Adverse effects

• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Dizziness
• Nausea and vomiting

Interactions

• Affects the metabolism of other drugs
• Increases risk of QT prolongation when co-administered with other drugs that prolong QT interval

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of epilepsy
• Monitor liver function in patients with liver disease

Pregnancy

Use under medical supervision

Breast-feeding

Unknown

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place. Protect from light.

Formulations

• Tablets
• Injectable solution

Indications

• Osteoarthritis
• Tendonitis
• Musculoskeletal disorders
• Inflammation
• Pain

Dosage

Children: Refer to a veterinarian for guidance on dosing and administration in young horses.

Adults: Administer orally, as directed by a veterinarian, typically in the form of a paste or powder. Dosage and administration may vary depending on the specific product and the individual horse's needs.

Mechanism of action

Neutralizes diphtheria toxin by binding to the toxin and preventing its interaction with cellular receptors

Pharmacodynamics

Neutralizes diphtheria toxin, preventing its effects on the body

Pharmacokinetics

Peak levels of the toxin-neutralizing activity are achieved within 1-2 hours after administration

Contra-indications

• History of allergy to the product or its components
• Known hypersensitivity to the product or its components

Adverse effects

• Local reactions at the injection site
• Systemic reactions such as anaphylaxis, fever, or rash

Interactions

• May enhance the effects of other medications when administered concurrently

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of allergy or hypersensitivity
• Monitor patients for signs of anaphylaxis or other systemic reactions

Pregnancy

No information available; use with caution

Breast-feeding

No information available; use with caution

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place; protect from light

Formulations

• {'form': 'Intramuscular injection', 'strength': '1000 units/mL'}

Indications

• Hypertension
• Heart failure
• Angina pectoris
• Supraventricular tachycardia
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations in pediatric patients.

Adults: The recommended starting dose of Newmarket is 20-30 mg per day, which may be titrated up to 60-120 mg per day based on clinical response.

Mechanism of action

Newmarket acts as a selective L-type calcium channel blocker, which means it inhibits the influx of calcium ions into the cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells. This action results in vasodilation and a subsequent decrease in blood pressure.

Pharmacodynamics

By blocking calcium channels, Newmarket reduces the contractility of the heart and the vascular tone, leading to a decrease in peripheral resistance and a subsequent decrease in blood pressure. This effect is beneficial in treating conditions such as hypertension and heart failure.

Pharmacokinetics

Newmarket is primarily metabolized by the liver and excreted in the bile. Its half-life is approximately 12 hours, which allows for once-daily dosing.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to sulfonamides or other ingredients
• Porphyria
• Severe renal or hepatic impairment

Adverse effects

• Skin rash, itching, urticaria, angioedema
• Hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylaxis
• Gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea, vomiting
• Renal impairment, elevated creatinine levels
• Hepatic function abnormalities

Interactions

• Increased risk of toxicity with other sulfonamides or drugs that interfere with renal function
• Concomitant use with methotrexate may increase the risk of hematologic toxicity
• May decrease the effectiveness of oral contraceptives

Precautions

• Renal and hepatic function monitoring recommended
• Avoid in patients with a history of porphyria
• Use with caution in patients with renal or hepatic impairment

Pregnancy

Category C: Use only if benefits outweigh risks

Breast-feeding

Use with caution, as sulfonamides may be excreted in breast milk

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, protected from light

Formulations

• Topical cream, gel, or solution
• Oral tablets or capsules (rarely used)

Indications

• Atrial fibrillation
• Atrial flutter
• Supraventricular tachycardia
• Hypertension

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing information in pediatric patients.

Adults: Initial dose of 80-160 mg/day, with gradual increase to 160-320 mg/day as needed.

Mechanism of action

Sotalol is a non-selective beta-blocker and a class III antiarrhythmic agent. It works by blocking beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors, which reduces the heart rate and blood pressure. Additionally, it prolongs the action potential duration and refractory period in the heart, which helps to prevent abnormal heart rhythms.

Pharmacodynamics

Sotalol's beta-blocking effects result in decreased heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output. Its class III anti-arrhythmic effects help to prevent re-entrant arrhythmias by prolonging the action potential duration and the refractory period.

Pharmacokinetics

Sotalol is extensively metabolized in the liver to its active metabolite, desmethylsotalol. It has a half-life of approximately 12-16 hours and is primarily excreted in the urine.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to sotalol
• Congenital long QT syndrome
• Bradycardia
• Heart block
• Severe sinus node dysfunction

Adverse effects

• Bradycardia
• Hypotension
• Congestive heart failure
• Arrhythmias
• QT interval prolongation

Interactions

• Increases the risk of torsades de pointes when combined with other QT prolonging agents
• Increases the risk of hypotension when combined with other vasodilators
• Decreases the metabolism of warfarin, increasing the risk of bleeding

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of cardiac disease
• Use with caution in patients with a history of kidney disease
• Use with caution in patients with a history of liver disease

Pregnancy

Category C: Animal studies have shown no evidence of harm, but there are no controlled studies in pregnant women.

Breast-feeding

Excreted in breast milk, use with caution in breastfeeding women.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place.

Formulations

• Tablets: 80mg, 120mg, 160mg
• Injectable solution: 10mg/mL