(erythromycin · DailyMed)
Erythrokant 250
Colloidal Silicon Dioxide BP Eq. to Silicon mg,Croscarmellose Sodium mg,Erythromycin Stearate equivalent to Erythromycin 250 mg,Magnesium Stearate mg,Purified Water mcl,Sodium Starch Glycolate mg,Starch mg,Talcum powder (purified talc) mg
What it does
Colloidal solutions are often used in various medical treatments and can help improve the delivery of certain medications.
Commonly used for: supporting hydration, helping with nutrient absorption, improving medication effectiveness
Read more in plain English ↓Plain-language summary for general understanding - not medical advice. Always follow your pharmacist/doctor.
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Answers come only from this medicine's registration record, BNF monograph and interaction data - not medical advice.
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Sourcing - Kenya onlyRegistration & product details
Source: Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority · fetched 2026-03-11 23:42:52 · updated 2026-10-01 03:00:45
Drug Interactions
151Pharmacodynamic Warnings
Erythromycin appears in TABLE 9: Drugs that prolong the QT interval
Severe (14)
Antipsychotics, Second Generation - increases exposure
Erythromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to antipsychotics, second generation (cariprazine). Avoid.
Cariprazine - increases exposure
Erythromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to antipsychotics, second generation (cariprazine). Avoid.
Eletriptan - increases exposure
Erythromycin moderately increases the exposure to triptans (eletriptan). Avoid.
Ergometrine - increases risk of ergotism
Macrolides (clarithromycin) are predicted to increase the risk of ergotism when given with ergometrine. Avoid.
Ergotamine - increases risk of ergotism
Macrolides (clarithromycin) are predicted to increase the risk of ergotism when given with ergotamine. Avoid.
Moderate (38)
Alfentanil - increases exposure
Erythromycinispredictedtoincreasetheexposuretoopioids (alfentanil,buprenorphine,fentanyl,oxycodone).Monitorand adjustdose.oStudy com/codemedicalapps/ cal Applications)
Amlodipine - increases exposure
Erythromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to calcium channel blockers (amlodipine, felodipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine). Monitor and adjust dose.
Antiarrhythmics - increases exposure
Erythromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to antiarrhythmics (propafenone). Monitor and adjust dose.
Antiepileptics - increases concentration
Erythromycin markedly increases the concentration of antiepileptics (carbamazepine). Monitor concentration and adjust dose.
Atorvastatin - increases exposure
Erythromycins slightly increases the exposure to statins (atorvastatin). Monitor and adjust dose.
Unknown (99)
Abemaciclib - increases exposure
Erythromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to abemaciclib.
Acalabrutinib - increases exposure
Erythromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to acalabrutinib. Avoid or monitor.
Afatinib - increases exposure
Macrolides are predicted to increase the exposure to afatinib.
Alphablockers - increases exposure
Erythromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to alpha blockers (tamsulosin).
Alprazolam - increases exposure
Erythromycin is predicted to increase the exposure to benzodiazepines (alprazolam).
Data from BNF 85 (British National Formulary). This is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Matched via: exact
About colloidal
Colloidal solutions are often used in various medical treatments and can help improve the delivery of certain medications.
What it treats
- supporting hydration
- helping with nutrient absorption
- improving medication effectiveness
How it works
Colloidal solutions contain small particles that can help carry and deliver substances in the body more effectively.
Who it's for
Adults and children who need assistance with hydration or nutrient delivery.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About croscarmellose
Croscarmellose is a substance used in medicines to help them dissolve and be absorbed in the body.
What it treats
- helps improve the effectiveness of oral medications
How it works
It works by breaking down the medicine so that it can be easily absorbed in the stomach and intestines.
Who it's for
It is used in various oral medicines that require better absorption.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About dioxide
Dioxide is used in various medical applications, but specific details about its class or interactions are not provided.
How it works
The exact mechanism of action for dioxide is not specified, but it generally serves various therapeutic roles in medicine.
Who it's for
Dioxide may be suitable for individuals needing treatment related to its specific applications, but more information is needed to identify specific patient groups.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About erythromycin
Erythromycin is an antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections.
What it treats
- bacterial infections
- bronchitis
- pneumonia
- skin infections
- ear infections
How it works
It works by stopping the growth of bacteria, helping the body to fight off infections.
Who it's for
It is suitable for adults and children who have certain bacterial infections.
Drug class
Macrolides
Cautions
- • Be careful if you are taking other medications that can affect heart rhythm.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About glycolate
Glycolate is a compound that may be used in various medical treatments.
How it works
Glycolate works by interacting with certain bodily processes, though specific details are not available.
Who it's for
Glycolate may be suitable for individuals needing treatment related to certain health conditions, but specific indications are not provided.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About mcl
MCL is a medication that may be used for various health conditions.
How it works
MCL works by targeting specific pathways in the body to help manage certain conditions.
Who it's for
MCL may be prescribed for patients with specific medical needs as determined by a healthcare provider.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About purified
Purified ingredients are often used in various medicines to ensure safety and effectiveness by removing impurities.
What it treats
- various medical conditions
How it works
Purified ingredients help in delivering the intended effects of the medicine without the risk of contaminants.
Who it's for
People who need medications with safe and effective ingredients.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About silicon
Silicon is a mineral that may help support healthy bones and connective tissues.
What it treats
- bone health
- joint health
- skin health
How it works
Silicon helps form collagen, which is important for maintaining the strength and elasticity of bones and tissues.
Who it's for
Silicon is for individuals looking to support their bone and joint health.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About starch
Starch is a carbohydrate that serves as a source of energy and is often used in various food products.
What it treats
- energy source
- dietary supplement
How it works
Starch is broken down by the body into glucose, which provides energy for daily activities.
Who it's for
Starch can be used by anyone needing extra energy in their diet, particularly those with increased energy needs.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About talcum
Talcum is a fine powder used to absorb moisture and reduce friction on the skin.
What it treats
- skin irritation
- diaper rash
- chafing
How it works
Talcum helps keep the skin dry by absorbing moisture, which can prevent irritation.
Who it's for
This product is suitable for anyone needing relief from skin irritation or moisture, including babies.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
Clinical monograph: Erythromycin
BNF-referencedErythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic effective against a range of bacterial infections. It works primarily by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria, making it a valuable choice for patients with penicillin hypersensitivity. Erythromycin is commonly used in treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and various other bacterial infections, including those caused by organisms like Propionibacterium acnes.
Indications
- Bacterial infections
- Acute otitis media
- Community-acquired pneumonia
- Skin and soft tissue infections
- Campylobacter enteritis
- Pertussis
- Syphilis (early stage)
- Chlamydia infections
- Impetigo
- Secondary bacterial infection of eczema
Dosage
Children: Child 1–23 months: 125 mg 4 times a day. Child 2–7 years: 250 mg 4 times a
Adults: 500 mg 4 times a day for 5 days, or alternatively 250–500 mg 4 times a day for 5–7 days.
Mechanism of action
Erythromycin exerts its antibacterial effect by binding to the 23S ribosomal RNA in the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes. This binding inhibits the transpeptidation and translocation steps of protein synthesis, effectively halting bacterial growth. The drug has a strong affinity for bacterial ribosomes, which contributes to its broad-spectrum activity against various pathogens.
Pharmacodynamics
Erythromycin acts as a bacteriostatic agent, preventing bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis. It is effective against many strains of bacteria, although susceptibility testing is recommended due to increasing resistance. Notably, erythromycin does not impact nucleic acid synthesis and may lead to complications such as pseudomembranous colitis or hepatotoxicity in some patients.
Pharmacokinetics
Erythromycin is well-absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with bioavailability affected by food. It is widely distributed in body tissues, with higher concentrations in the lungs and liver. The drug undergoes hepatic metabolism and is primarily excreted in bile, with a small amount eliminated through urine. Erythromycin's half-life varies but generally ranges from 1.5 to 2 hours.
Contra-indications
- Hypersensitivity to erythromycin or any component of the formulation
- History of cholestatic jaundice or hepatic dysfunction associated with prior use of erythromycin
Adverse effects
- Gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)
- Cholestatic jaundice
- Hepatotoxicity
- Skin rashes
- QT interval prolongation
- Tinnitus
- Hearing loss (reversible)
- Pseudomembranous colitis
Interactions
- Erythromycin may significantly increase the exposure to certain drugs such as antipsychotics, simvastatin, and triptans due to its effect on cytochrome P450 enzymes
- Caution with concurrent use of drugs that prolong the QT interval
- Moderate interaction with aminophylline (decreases exposure)
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment or pre-existing liver disease
- Monitor for signs of pseudomembranous colitis in patients with diarrhea following antibiotic use
- Assess for potential drug interactions due to the impact on CYP450 metabolism
Pregnancy
Erythromycin crosses the placenta. It is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy, particularly for treating infections when no alternatives are available, but should be used with caution.
Breast-feeding
Erythromycin is excreted in breast milk. While generally considered safe, the infant should be monitored for potential side effects. Consult healthcare providers for specific recommendations.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children. Check specific product information for any temperature requirements.
Formulations
- Oral suspension (125 mg/5 ml)
- Tablets (250 mg and 500 mg)
- Injectable solution (various strengths for intravenous administration)
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: colloidal
Colloidal solutions are mixtures in which small particles are dispersed throughout a continuous medium. They can be used in various medical applications, including as intravenous fluids for volume expansion and as drug delivery systems. Colloidal solutions can improve the solubility and stability of drugs, enhancing their therapeutic effects.
Indications
- Hypovolemic shock
- Severe burns
- Postoperative fluid replacement
- Sepsis
- Trauma management
Dosage
Children: Refer to established guidelines for specific dosing, as it varies based on the type of colloidal solution used and the clinical condition being treated.
Adults: Refer to established guidelines for specific dosing, as it varies based on the type of colloidal solution used and the clinical condition being treated.
Mechanism of action
Colloidal solutions work by maintaining oncotic pressure in the blood, thus helping to retain fluid within the vascular system. This is primarily due to the large molecular weight of the colloidal particles, which cannot easily pass through capillary walls. The presence of colloids in the blood helps to draw water into the circulation, increasing blood volume and improving tissue perfusion.
Pharmacodynamics
The pharmacodynamics of colloidal solutions are centered on their ability to exert osmotic pressure, which helps maintain blood volume and pressure. This effect is particularly important in conditions such as hypovolemia and shock, where fluid replacement is necessary to restore hemodynamic stability. The efficacy of colloidal solutions can vary depending on the type of colloid used, as well as the underlying clinical condition being treated.
Pharmacokinetics
Colloidal solutions are typically administered intravenously and their pharmacokinetics can vary based on the specific formulation. Generally, colloids are distributed throughout the vascular compartment and have a longer duration of action compared to crystalloids, as they remain in circulation longer. The elimination of colloids is primarily through the reticuloendothelial system, where they are metabolized or eliminated by the liver and spleen. Factors such as particle size and composition can influence their distribution and clearance.
Adverse effects
- Allergic reactions
- Injection site reactions
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Headache
- Fever
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with known allergies to any component of the formulation
- Monitor for signs of hypersensitivity during administration
- Consider volume overload in patients with cardiac or renal impairment
Pregnancy
The safety of colloidal solutions during pregnancy has not been established. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Breast-feeding
It is not known whether colloidal solutions are excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when administering to breastfeeding mothers.
Storage
Store at room temperature, protect from light, and do not freeze. Keep out of reach of children.
Formulations
- Colloidal silver
- Colloidal gold
- Colloidal iron
- Other metal colloids
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: croscarmellose
Croscarmellose sodium is a pharmaceutical excipient widely used as a disintegrant in oral dosage forms. It enhances the dissolution of active pharmaceutical ingredients by promoting rapid disintegration of tablets and capsules upon contact with moisture. This characteristic makes it essential in improving the bioavailability of various medications.
Indications
- Used as a disintegrant in tablet formulations
- Enhances the bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients
Dosage
Children: Refer to the specific formulation guidelines, as dosage will vary based on the active ingredient and formulation type.
Adults: Refer to the specific formulation guidelines, as dosage will vary based on the active ingredient and formulation type.
Mechanism of action
Croscarmellose sodium works by swelling and absorbing water when it comes into contact with gastrointestinal fluids. This swelling leads to the rapid disintegration of the tablet or capsule matrix, facilitating the release and absorption of the active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Pharmacodynamics
Croscarmellose sodium is classified as a superdisintegrant. Its ability to rapidly disintegrate solid dosage forms can significantly enhance the dissolution rate of the active ingredient, which is crucial for achieving therapeutic effects in a timely manner.
Pharmacokinetics
Croscarmellose sodium is not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and does not exert pharmacological effects in the body. It is considered non-toxic and is excreted unchanged. Its main role is as an excipient, influencing the formulation's characteristics rather than the pharmacokinetics of the active ingredients.
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with known hypersensitivity to croscarmellose or its components.
Pregnancy
Safety in pregnancy has not been established. Use only if clearly needed.
Breast-feeding
Caution is advised when using during breastfeeding, as safety has not been established.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place, away from moisture and heat.
Formulations
- Powder
- Granules
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: dioxide
Dioxide refers to a class of chemical compounds that contain two oxygen atoms bonded to another element or group. The most commonly referenced dioxide is carbon dioxide (CO2), a colorless, odorless gas produced by respiration in animals and plants and by the combustion of organic matter. In a clinical context, dioxides are often involved in various physiological processes and can play roles in drug mechanisms, particularly with respect to gas exchange and acid-base balance in the body.
Indications
- Monitoring respiratory function
- Assessment of metabolic status
- Management of respiratory acidosis
- Management of respiratory alkalosis
Dosage
Children: Dosing for interventions related to carbon dioxide levels in pediatric patients should be guided by clinical protocols and the BNF for Children.
Adults: Dosing for interventions related to carbon dioxide levels is typically based on clinical assessment and individual patient needs. Refer to clinical guidelines for specific scenarios.
Mechanism of action
Carbon dioxide acts primarily as a signaling molecule in the body, influencing respiratory drive and blood pH. It is produced during cellular respiration and is a critical component of the bicarbonate buffering system, which helps maintain acid-base homeostasis. Elevated levels of CO2 in the blood stimulate ventilation in the lungs, increasing the rate of gas exchange and facilitating the removal of excess CO2.
Pharmacodynamics
The pharmacodynamic effects of dioxides, particularly carbon dioxide, are closely related to its concentration in the blood. As CO2 levels increase, it leads to respiratory acidosis, which can stimulate the respiratory centers in the brain to increase ventilation. Conversely, low levels of CO2 can cause respiratory alkalosis, potentially leading to decreased respiratory drive. CO2 also plays a role in vasodilation and can affect blood flow and pressure through its influence on smooth muscle tone.
Pharmacokinetics
Carbon dioxide is produced endogenously during metabolic processes and is transported in the bloodstream primarily in three forms: dissolved in plasma, as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), and bound to hemoglobin. The half-life of CO2 in the bloodstream is very short due to its rapid exchange with alveolar gas in the lungs. The elimination of CO2 occurs through exhalation, making it a dynamic component of respiratory physiology.
Pregnancy
Data on the effects of dioxide during pregnancy are limited. Caution is advised due to potential risks associated with exposure.
Breast-feeding
Limited data are available regarding the excretion of dioxide in human milk. Caution is recommended.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and moisture.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: glycolate
BNF-referencedGlycolate is an intermediate in the metabolism of ethylene glycol, a compound that can cause toxicity when ingested. The toxicity arises primarily from its conversion to glycolic acid and other harmful metabolites. Glycolate and its relation to ethylene glycol's elimination kinetics have been studied, revealing important insights into their toxicokinetics in animal models.
Dosage
Children: Refer to specific clinical guidelines for dosing in children, as no standard paediatric dosage is specified in the provided resources.
Adults: Refer to specific clinical guidelines for dosing, as no standard adult dosage is specified in the provided resources.
Mechanism of action
Ethylene glycol toxicity results from its metabolism to glycolic acid and other toxic metabolites. Glycolate accumulates in the body and is eliminated more slowly than ethylene glycol itself. The renal excretion of both compounds plays a crucial role in their elimination, accounting for a significant portion of the administered dose.
Pharmacodynamics
The pharmacodynamics of glycolate are closely tied to its role as a metabolite of ethylene glycol. Its accumulation can lead to metabolic acidosis, although minimal clinical effects have been observed at low doses. The relationship between glycolate and ethylene glycol indicates that glycolate may contribute to the overall toxic effects of ethylene glycol ingestion.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of glycolate indicate that it reaches peak plasma levels between 4-6 hours after the administration of ethylene glycol. The elimination half-life of ethylene glycol is approximately 1.7 hours in rats and 3.4 hours in dogs. Glycolate is predominantly eliminated through renal excretion, with about 5% of the dose being excreted unchanged.
Pregnancy
There is limited data on the safety of glycolate in pregnancy. Caution is advised.
Breast-feeding
Data on the excretion of glycolate in human milk is not available. Caution is advised.
Storage
Store at room temperature, away from light and moisture.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: purified
Purified refers to a substance that has been processed to remove impurities, contaminants, or unwanted substances, resulting in a more concentrated and effective form of the original compound. In pharmacology, purified compounds are often used to enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects. The purification process can apply to a variety of substances, including drugs, biological products, and chemical compounds.
Dosage
Children: Refer to specific drug formulations and product labels as purified substances can vary widely in their use and dosing.
Adults: Refer to specific drug formulations and product labels as purified substances can vary widely in their use and dosing.
Mechanism of action
The mechanism of action for purified compounds varies widely depending on the specific substance. Generally, purified drugs exert their effects by interacting with specific biological targets, such as receptors, enzymes, or ion channels, leading to a desired therapeutic effect. This interaction can involve binding to receptors to activate or inhibit signaling pathways, modulating enzymatic activity, or altering physiological processes.
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics describes the effects of a drug on the body and the relationship between drug concentration and effect. For purified drugs, this can involve dose-response relationships and the time course of their action. The purified form often enhances potency and reduces variability in response among patients, which can lead to more predictable therapeutic outcomes. The overall effect is determined by the drug's affinity for its target, the efficacy of the drug-receptor interaction, and the downstream signaling pathways activated as a result of this interaction.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics involves the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of a drug. For purified substances, absorption can be more efficient due to the absence of impurities that may affect solubility or stability. Distribution may also be enhanced, leading to higher bioavailability. Metabolism can be influenced by the structure of the purified compound, as it may be metabolized more readily by liver enzymes. Excretion typically occurs through the kidneys or liver, depending on the molecular characteristics of the purified drug.
Pregnancy
Consult with a healthcare professional, as the safety of purified forms of medications during pregnancy may vary depending on the specific substance.
Breast-feeding
Consult with a healthcare professional, as the safety of purified forms of medications during breastfeeding may vary depending on the specific substance.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place, away from light and moisture, and keep out of reach of children.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: silicon
BNF-referencedSilicon, represented by the molecular formula Si, is a metalloid that plays a significant role in various biological processes, particularly in the formation of connective tissues and bone. It is thought to contribute to the structural integrity of collagen and other extracellular matrix components. Silicon is not classified as an essential element in the human diet, but it is involved in the metabolism of minerals and may affect bone health and formation.
Indications
- Potential role in bone health
- Support for connective tissue formation
- May aid in mineral metabolism
Dosage
Children: There is no established clinical dosage for silicon in paediatric populations, as it is not classified as an essential nutrient.
Adults: There is no established clinical dosage for silicon in adults, as it is not classified as an essential nutrient.
Mechanism of action
Silicon is believed to enhance the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and collagen, which are important for the structural integrity of connective tissues. It may also influence the activity of certain enzymes involved in bone mineralization, thus playing a role in maintaining bone density and health.
Pharmacodynamics
The pharmacodynamics of silicon is not fully elucidated; however, it is thought to involve the modulation of bone metabolism and the promotion of connective tissue health. Silicon may have a synergistic effect with other minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, aiding in their utilization and metabolism in the body.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of silicon is complex, as it is not absorbed through typical gastrointestinal pathways. Instead, silicon is thought to be taken up in the form of silicates and then distributed throughout the body, particularly in connective tissues. The elimination of silicon occurs primarily through renal excretion, with some variations depending on dietary intake and individual metabolism.
Pregnancy
Silicon is generally considered safe during pregnancy, as it is a naturally occurring element in the human body. However, specific recommendations regarding supplementation should be followed based on the advice of a healthcare provider.
Breast-feeding
Silicon is present in breast milk in small amounts. Its safety during breastfeeding is generally regarded as acceptable, although supplementation should be approached with caution and under medical advice.
Storage
Silicon should be stored in a cool, dry place, protected from light and moisture. Follow specific storage recommendations provided by the manufacturer if available.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: starch
Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. It is a major energy source in the human diet and is found in numerous food sources such as grains, legumes, and tubers. In a clinical setting, starch can also be used as an excipient in various pharmaceuticals and is sometimes utilized in enteral nutrition formulations.
Indications
- Nutritional supplementation
- Energy source in enteral nutrition
- Excipient in pharmaceutical formulations
Dosage
Children: Refer to specific guidelines or product inserts for dosing information, as it can vary based on the context of use.
Adults: Refer to specific guidelines or product inserts for dosing information, as it can vary based on the context of use.
Mechanism of action
Starch is broken down into glucose units by enzymes such as amylase during digestion. The glucose is then absorbed in the intestines and utilized for energy production in the body's cells. This pathway involves hydrolysis of the glycosidic bonds, converting starch into simpler sugars.
Pharmacodynamics
Starch primarily serves as an energy source. Its digestion and absorption lead to an increase in blood glucose levels, which provides energy for metabolic processes. In this context, it plays a crucial role in maintaining energy homeostasis in the body.
Pharmacokinetics
Starch is not absorbed in its polymeric form; it must first be enzymatically hydrolyzed into simpler sugars such as maltose and glucose. The digestion and absorption of starch occur predominantly in the small intestine, with glucose being readily absorbed into the bloodstream. The rate of absorption can vary depending on the type of starch and its physical form.
Adverse effects
- Allergic reactions
- Gastrointestinal discomfort
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
Precautions
- Use with caution in individuals with known allergies to starch or starch derivatives
- Monitor for gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with a history of digestive disorders
Pregnancy
Starch is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy. However, it should be consumed in moderation as part of a balanced diet.
Breast-feeding
Starch is deemed safe for nursing mothers when used in moderation as part of a balanced diet.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from moisture and direct sunlight.
Formulations
- Powder
- Granules
- Tablets
- Suspensions
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: talcum
BNF-referencedTalcum, also known as talc, is a mineral composed mainly of magnesium, silicon, and oxygen, with the molecular formula Mg3O12Si4-2. It is primarily used in cosmetic and personal care products, as well as in medical applications for its absorbent properties. Talcum powder is commonly used to absorb moisture, reduce friction, and prevent rashes on the skin. It is important to note that talcum powder should not be applied to broken skin, and some concerns have been raised about its safety when inhaled or used in certain contexts.
Indications
- Skin irritation prevention
- Moisture absorption
- Prevention of friction-related skin conditions
- Use in cosmetic formulations
Dosage
Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations, as talcum powder should be used cautiously in children.
Adults: Apply talcum powder as needed to the affected area, ensuring it is applied to clean, dry skin.
Mechanism of action
Talcum works primarily as an absorbent, reducing moisture and friction on the skin. Its fine particle size allows it to coat surfaces effectively, providing a smooth application that helps to prevent irritation and chafing. It does not have a pharmacological mechanism of action like traditional medications but serves a physical purpose in topical formulations.
Pharmacodynamics
Talcum's pharmacodynamics are largely related to its physical properties rather than biochemical effects. By absorbing moisture and reducing friction, talcum helps to maintain skin integrity and prevents conditions such as rashes and irritation. Its inert nature ensures that it does not provoke significant biological responses when applied topically in appropriate amounts.
Pharmacokinetics
Talcum is not absorbed systemically when applied topically. Its pharmacokinetic profile is characterized by local effects at the site of application. When used as a powder, it remains on the skin surface and acts as a barrier without entering the bloodstream. However, inhalation of talcum powder can lead to respiratory issues, as it may cause irritation in the lungs.
Pregnancy
Talcum powder should generally be avoided during pregnancy due to potential risks of inhalation and respiratory complications.
Breast-feeding
Use with caution, as talcum powder may be inhaled by the infant, posing a risk of respiratory issues.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place, away from moisture and direct sunlight.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Molecular reference: Erythromycin
PubChem CID 12560Molecular formula: C37H67NO13
Mechanism of action
In order to replicate, bacteria require a specific process of protein synthesis, enabled by ribosomal proteins. Erythromycin acts by inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to the 23S ribosomal RNA molecule in the 50S subunit of ribosomes in susceptible bacterial organisms. It stops bacterial protein synthesis by inhibiting the transpeptidation/translocation step of protein synthesis and by inhibiting the assembly of the 50S ribosomal subunit. This results in the control of various bacterial infections. The strong affinity of macrolides, including erythromycin, for bacterial ribosomes, supports their broad‐spectrum antibacterial activities. Macrolide antibiotics are bacteriostatic agents that inhibit protein synthesis by binding reversibly to 50S ribosomal subunits of sensitive microorganisms, at or very near the site that binds chloramphenicol. Erythromycin does not inhibit peptide bond formation per se, but rather inhibits the translocation step wherein a newly synthesized peptidyl tRNA molecule moves from the acceptor site on the ribosome to the peptidyl donor site. Gram-positive bacteria accumulate about 100 times more erythromycin than do gram-negative bacteria. Cells are considerably more permeable to the un-ionized form of the drug, which probably explains the increased antimicrobial activity at alkaline pH. ... /Erythromycin/ inhibits the growth of susceptible organisms (principally Propionibacterium acnes) on the surface of the skin and reduces the concn of free fatty acids in sebum ... The reduction in free fatty acids in sebum may be an indirect result of the inhibition of lipase-producing organisms which convert triglycerides into free fatty acids or may be a direct result of interference with lipase production in these organisms. /In acne treatment regimens/ Although stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) via its cognate receptor CXCR4 is assumed to play a critical role in migration of endothelial cells during new vessel formation after tissue injury, CXCR4 expression on endothelial cells is strictly regulated. Erythromycin (EM), a 14-membered ring macrolide, has an anti-inflammatory effect that may account for its clinical benefit in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the effects of EM on endothelial cells and especially their expression of CXCR4 have not been fully evaluated. In this study, we demonstrated that EM markedly induced CXCR4 surface expression on microvascular endothelial cells in vitro and lung capillary endothelial cells in vivo. This ability to induce CXCR4 surface expression on endothelial cells was restricted to 14-membered ring macrolides and was not observed in other antibiotics including a 16-membered ring macrolide, josamycin. Furthermore, this EM-induced expression of CXCR4 on endothelial cells was functionally significant as demonstrated by chemotaxis assays in vitro. These findings suggest that EM-induced CXCR4 surface expression on endothelial cells may promote migration of CXCR4-expressing endothelial cells into sites of tissue injury, which may be associated with the known anti-inflammatory activity of this macrolide.
Pharmacodynamics
Macrolides, such as erythromycin, stop bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis and translation, treating bacterial infections. Erythromycin does not exert effects on nucleic acid synthesis. This drug has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms, effectively treating both in vitro and clinical infections. Despite this, it is important to perform bacterial susceptibility testing before administering this antibiotic, as resistance is a common issue that may affect treatment. **A note on antimicrobial resistance, pseudomembranous colitis, and hepatotoxicity** Many strains of Haemophilus influenzae are resistant to erythromycin alone but are found to be susceptible to erythromycin and sulfonamides used in combination. It is important to note that Staphylococci that are resistant to erythromycin may emerge during erythromycin and/or sulfonamide therapy. Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with most antibacterial agents, including erythromycin, and may range in severity from mild to life-threatening. Therefore, the physician should consider this diagnosis in patients with diarrhea after the administration of antibacterial agents. Erythromycin can cause hepatic dysfunction, cholestatic jaundice, and abnormal liver transaminases, particularly when erythromycin estolate is administered.
Biological pathways
Source: PubChem (NCBI) · pathways from PathBank, Reactome, WikiPathways & PharmGKB.
Molecular reference: glycolate
PubChem CID 757Molecular formula: C2H4O3
Mechanism of action
Ethylene glycol toxicity results from its metabolism to glycolic acid and other toxic metabolites. The accumulation of glycolate and the elimination kinetics of ethylene glycol and its metabolites are not well understood, so studies with male Sprague-Dawley rats and mixed breed dogs have been carried out. Ethylene glycol was administered by gavage to rats and dogs which were placed in metabolic cages for urine and blood sample collection at timed intervals. The peak plasma level of ethylene glycol occurred at 2 hr after dosing and that of glycolate between 4-6 hr. The rate of ethylene glycol elimination was somewhat faster in rats with a half-life of 1.7 hr compared to 3.4 hr in dogs. The maximum plasma level of glycolate was greater in rats although the pattern of accumulation was similar to that in dogs. Glycolate disappeared from the plasma at the same time as ethylene glycol, suggesting a slower rate of elimination of the metabolite than that of ethylene glycol. Renal excretion of ethylene glycol was an important route for its elimination accounting for 20-30% of the dose. Renal excretion of glycolate represented about 5% of the dose. Ethylene glycol induced an immediate, but short lived diuresis compared to that in control rats. Minimal clinical effects (mild acidosis with no sedation) were noted at these doses of ethylene glycol (1-2 g/kg) in both rats and dogs. The results indicate that the toxicokinetics of ethylene glycol and glycolate were similar in both species. The effect of 0.35 to 0.8 mmol/kg glycolic acid and 1.0 to 4.4 mmol/kg sodium glycolate on cyclopropane-epinephrine induced cardiac arrhythmias was examined using dogs. Doses of 0.35 to 0.5 mmol/kg glycolic acid increased the duration of arrhythmias in the 13 dogs tested, whereas doses >0.5 mmol/kg decreased or totally eliminated the arrhythmias in each of 11 dogs. Depression was observed for many of the dogs at higher doses. Sodium glycolate was much less effective in decreasing the arrhythmias, with 3 mmol/kg being required and its action being transient.
Biological pathways
Source: PubChem (NCBI) · pathways from PathBank, Reactome, WikiPathways & PharmGKB.
Molecular reference: silicon
PubChem CID 5461123Molecular formula: Si
Source: PubChem (NCBI) · pathways from PathBank, Reactome, WikiPathways & PharmGKB.
Molecular reference: talcum
PubChem CID 443754Molecular formula: Mg3O12Si4-2
Source: PubChem (NCBI) · pathways from PathBank, Reactome, WikiPathways & PharmGKB.
This drug in other countries
The same active ingredient registered across other registries we cover - including different brands.
- BEEHIVE BALSAM SYRUP · Ayrton Saunders
- CENTRE- ERYSTREP SOLUBLE POWDER · Aether Centre Biology
- CIROTAMIN CAPLETS · Ciron Drugs & Pharmaceuticals
- DR. X MEDICATED SOAP · Sunda Purecare Limited
- EMGIMYCIN TABLETS (Each tablet contains Erythromycin Stearate B.P equivalent to Erythromycin 250mg) · M&g Pharmaceuticals
- ENAMYCIN 250 TABLETS · Ernest Chemist
- ABHAYRAB · Surgipharm
- AMOKLAVIN ES 600MG/42.9MG ORAL SUSPENSION,100ML. · Pharmaco Healthcare
- ARTHRELLA OINTMENT · Surgilinks
- ARTHRELLA TABLET · Surgilinks
- ASOMYCIN · Opera Pharma
- ASOMYCIN-500 · Opera Pharma
- BEVAC® · Biological E. Limited
- CARBAMAZEPINE TABLETS 200MG · Medreich Limited
- COTRIMOL 400/80 · Ipca Labotratories Ltd
- CP-GLIMEPIRIDE 2 · Acme Formulation Pvt. Ltd
- EMPIGET TABLET 10MG · Getz Pharma Private Limited
- EMPIGET TABLET 25MG · Getz Pharma Private Limited