EVALON®

Indications

• Treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock
• Control of parasitic infections in ruminants
• Support for livestock health and productivity

Dosage

Children: Refer to veterinary guidelines for pediatric dosing, as it may vary based on the age and weight of the young animals.

Adults: Refer to veterinary guidelines for specific dosing information based on the type of livestock and severity of infection.

Mechanism of action

Acervulina acts by interfering with the energy metabolism of nematodes, specifically targeting the mitochondrial function of the parasites. This disruption leads to a depletion of ATP, which is essential for the survival and reproduction of the worms. The drug may also affect the neuromuscular coordination of the parasites, leading to paralysis and eventual death.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic properties of Acervulina include its ability to bind to specific receptors in the parasite's neuromuscular system, effectively causing paralysis. The onset of action is typically rapid, with significant effects observed within hours of administration. The drug's efficacy is influenced by the life cycle stage of the target parasites, with the greatest impact seen in the adult forms.

Pharmacokinetics

Acervulina is absorbed following oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within a few hours. The drug is metabolized primarily in the liver, and its metabolites are excreted mainly via the urine. The half-life of Acervulina varies depending on the species of the animal, but it generally has a moderate duration of action, necessitating repeat dosing for sustained effects.

Pregnancy

Safety in pregnancy has not been established. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether acervulina is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when administering to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Keep out of reach of children.

Dosage

Children: Refer to established pediatric dosing guidelines for appropriate dosing.

Adults: Refer to established pharmacological guidelines for appropriate dosing.

Pregnancy

Data on the use of brunetti during pregnancy is limited. Consult a healthcare provider for guidance.

Breast-feeding

It is unknown whether brunetti is excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when administering to breastfeeding women.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Coccidiosis in livestock
• Coccidiosis in poultry
• Prevention of coccidiosis in young animals

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific veterinary guidelines for dosing information based on the type of anticoccidial agent used and the species being treated.

Adults: Refer to specific veterinary guidelines for dosing information based on the type of anticoccidial agent used and the species being treated.

Mechanism of action

Eimeria invades the epithelial cells of the intestinal lining, leading to cellular destruction and inflammation. The host's immune response to the infection can cause further tissue damage. The specific mechanisms by which Eimeria causes disease include the disruption of intestinal integrity, malabsorption of nutrients, and the induction of diarrhea, which can result in dehydration and secondary infections.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics of agents that target Eimeria typically involve the inhibition of the parasite's life cycle, reducing oocyst shedding and preventing replication within the host. Anticoccidial drugs such as ionophores or sulfonamides disrupt essential metabolic processes in the parasite, leading to its death and alleviation of clinical symptoms in the host.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of anticoccidial drugs vary depending on the specific agent used. Generally, these drugs are administered orally and are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. They may undergo hepatic metabolism and are excreted primarily through the feces. The half-life and bioavailability can differ based on the formulation and the host species, necessitating careful management and dosing based on veterinary guidance.

Pregnancy

Eimeria infections are not typically a concern in pregnancy; however, specific treatment should be assessed based on the type of Eimeria species and the patient's condition.

Breast-feeding

There is limited information on the effects of Eimeria on breastfeeding; consult with a healthcare provider for tailored advice.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Ensure formulations are kept out of reach of children.

Indications

• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Acute musculoskeletal pain
• Chronic pain conditions

Dosage

Children: Refer to the specific product guidelines for dosing information, as it can vary based on condition and formulation.

Adults: Refer to the specific product guidelines for dosing information, as it can vary based on condition and formulation.

Mechanism of action

Maxima acts by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, particularly COX-2. This action reduces the inflammatory response and alleviates pain. Additionally, it may exert effects on other inflammatory mediators, contributing to its overall therapeutic effects.

Pharmacodynamics

Maxima displays a dose-dependent analgesic effect, providing relief from moderate to severe pain. Its anti-inflammatory action helps decrease swelling and tenderness in affected tissues. The onset of action typically occurs within hours, with peak effects seen within a few days of consistent use.

Pharmacokinetics

Maxima is well absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations reached within a few hours. It is extensively metabolized in the liver, primarily via conjugation. The elimination half-life varies, but metabolites are excreted mainly through the kidneys. This pharmacokinetic profile necessitates caution in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.

Pregnancy

Consult healthcare provider. Insufficient data on safety during pregnancy.

Breast-feeding

Consult healthcare provider. Limited data on excretion in breast milk.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Ascariasis
• Enterobiasis (pinworm infection)
• Hookworm infection
• Strongyloidiasis
• Taeniasis (tapeworm infection)
• Other helminthic infections

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing in paediatric patients, as it is dependent on age and weight.

Adults: Refer to the specific BNF or clinical guidelines for adult dosing, as it may vary based on the type of infection and severity.

Mechanism of action

Necatrix acts primarily by inhibiting the synthesis of microtubules in the parasite, which interferes with their ability to absorb glucose and other nutrients. This leads to depletion of glycogen stores and ultimately results in death of the parasite. Additionally, necatrix may induce paralysis in the worms, facilitating their expulsion from the gastrointestinal tract.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of necatrix involve its action on the parasitic cells, where it disrupts the normal cellular function and metabolism. The drug's ability to interfere with glucose uptake is crucial, as it deprives the parasites of energy, leading to their death. Its effects are generally observed within days of administration, depending on the type and load of the infection.

Pharmacokinetics

Necatrix is generally well-absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within a few hours. The drug is metabolized in the liver and its metabolites are excreted primarily via the kidneys. The elimination half-life varies but is typically within a range that allows for once-daily dosing in most cases. Its safety profile is well established, with minimal adverse effects when used as directed.

Pregnancy

There is limited data on the safety of necatrix during pregnancy. It is advisable to avoid use unless clearly needed and prescribed by a healthcare professional.

Breast-feeding

Caution is advised when using necatrix during breastfeeding due to insufficient information on excretion in breast milk.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Infectious diseases caused by bacteria
• Viral infections
• Fungal infections
• Parasitic infections

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing information based on the organism type and age.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines for antimicrobial therapy based on the organism type and infection site.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of organisms varies widely depending on the type. For example, bacteria can reproduce rapidly and may produce toxins that interfere with host cellular functions. Viruses invade host cells and hijack cellular machinery to replicate. Fungi can disrupt cell membranes and evade the immune response. Each organism has unique pathways for infection, propagation, and interaction with host defenses.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics of organisms relates to their growth, replication, and the effects they have on the host. Pathogenic bacteria can elicit immune responses leading to inflammation. Viruses often induce cellular apoptosis or necrosis, while fungi can cause damage through their metabolic byproducts. The interaction between the organism and the host's immune system is crucial in determining the severity of the disease.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics of organisms is not applicable as they do not have a pharmacokinetic profile like drugs. Instead, their behavior in the host can be characterized by their replication rate, survival in various environments, and the ability to develop resistance to antimicrobial agents. The distribution of organisms in the body, their elimination through immune responses, and their potential to establish reservoirs or persistence in host tissues are critical.

Indications

• Bacterial infections
• Viral infections
• Epidemiological studies
• Antibiotic resistance monitoring

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific antimicrobial treatment guidelines based on the strain identified and the infection site.

Adults: Refer to specific antimicrobial treatment guidelines based on the strain identified and the infection site.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action for a strain depends on the type of microorganism it represents. For pathogenic bacteria, the strain may produce toxins, evade the host's immune response, or possess resistance mechanisms that allow it to survive in the presence of antibiotics. For viruses, strains may exhibit mutations that alter their ability to infect host cells or evade antiviral therapies.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics in the context of strains involves the interaction between the strain and the host's immune system, as well as the effects of specific antimicrobial agents on the strain. These interactions can influence the efficacy of treatments and the development of resistance.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics is not directly applicable to strains themselves but rather to the drugs used to treat infections caused by specific strains. Factors such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of antimicrobial agents can vary depending on the strain's characteristics and the site of infection.

Pregnancy

There is limited information on the safety of strain in pregnancy. It is advisable to consult healthcare professionals for guidance.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding is not well established. It is recommended to seek medical advice before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and moisture. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Coccidiosis in poultry
• Gastrointestinal infection caused by protozoan parasites
• Prevention of coccidiosis in livestock

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines, as dosages can vary based on the agent used and the severity of the infection.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines, as dosages can vary based on the agent used and the severity of the infection.

Mechanism of action

Tenella, as a protozoan, does not have a defined pharmacological mechanism of action like traditional drugs. However, medications used against coccidiosis typically work by disrupting the life cycle of the parasite, inhibiting its ability to reproduce, or targeting its metabolism. Common classes of drugs include ionophores, sulfonamides, and amprolium, which interfere with different metabolic pathways critical for the parasite's survival.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of drugs used to treat infections caused by tenella revolve around their ability to inhibit the growth and reproduction of the parasite. For instance, ionophores alter the ion transport across the cell membrane, leading to cellular dysfunction in the parasite. Sulfonamides inhibit folate synthesis, essential for nucleic acid production, thereby preventing the growth of rapidly dividing protozoan cells.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of drugs used to treat tenella infections vary depending on the specific agent. Generally, these drugs are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with metabolism occurring in the liver. Excretion is primarily via urine or feces. The rate of absorption and elimination can be affected by factors such as the animal's age, health status, and the presence of food in the stomach.

Pregnancy

Safety in pregnancy has not been established. Use only if potential benefit justifies potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Caution is advised; excretion in human milk is unknown. Weigh the risks and benefits before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.