FYTOBACT 2GM

Indications

• Bacterial infections
• Pneumonia
• Sepsis
• Intra-abdominal infections
• Skin and soft tissue infections
• Urinary tract infections

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosage information.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosage information.

Mechanism of action

Cefoperazone binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall. This binding inhibits the third and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. The result is cell lysis, which is facilitated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins.

Pharmacodynamics

As a third generation cephalosporin, cefoperazone exerts a bactericidal effect by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. This mechanism is critical for its effectiveness against a range of pathogens, particularly those that are resistant to other antibiotics.

Pharmacokinetics

Cefoperazone is administered parenterally and has a half-life that allows for once or twice daily dosing. It is widely distributed in body tissues and fluids, including the central nervous system. Cefoperazone is primarily eliminated by the kidneys, with a portion also excreted in bile, making it suitable for treating infections in patients with renal impairment, although dosage adjustments may be necessary.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to cefoperazone or other beta-lactam antibiotics
• History of severe allergic reactions to any cephalosporin

Adverse effects

• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Rash
• Elevated liver enzymes
• Thrombocytopenia
• Neutropenia

Interactions

• Probenecid may increase cefoperazone levels by reducing renal excretion
• Concurrent use with aminoglycosides may enhance nephrotoxicity
• Potential interaction with anticoagulants leading to increased bleeding risk

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with renal impairment
• Monitor liver function tests during therapy
• May cause false-positive results for urine glucose tests

Pregnancy

Cefoperazone should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Cefoperazone is excreted in breast milk; caution should be exercised when administered to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from light and moisture. Reconstituted solutions should be stored in the refrigerator and used within a specified time frame as per manufacturer guidelines.

Formulations

• Cefoperazone sodium for injection

Indications

• Complicated urinary tract infections
• Complicated intra-abdominal infections
• Skin and soft tissue infections caused by beta-lactamase producing organisms

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing information based on age and weight.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines or the BNF for appropriate dosing information based on the antibiotic with which salbactam is combined.

Mechanism of action

Salbactam inhibits the activity of class A beta-lactamases by covalently binding to the serine residue at the active site of the enzyme. This binding prevents the beta-lactam antibiotics from being hydrolyzed, thereby protecting them from enzymatic degradation and allowing them to remain effective against susceptible bacteria.

Pharmacodynamics

Salbactam, when used in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics, enhances the spectrum of activity of these antibiotics against beta-lactamase-producing bacteria. The combination therapy leads to increased bacterial cell wall disruption and ultimately bacterial cell death. The effectiveness of salbactam is contingent upon the presence of beta-lactam antibiotics, and its action is synergistic, improving the overall efficacy of the treatment.

Pharmacokinetics

Salbactam is generally administered intravenously and has a relatively rapid onset of action. It is widely distributed in body tissues and fluids. The elimination half-life of salbactam is approximately 1 hour, and it is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine. Renal impairment may affect the clearance of salbactam, necessitating dose adjustments in patients with renal dysfunction.

Adverse effects

• Allergic reactions
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Rash
• Elevated liver enzymes

Interactions

• May enhance the effects of anticoagulants
• Potential interaction with other beta-lactam antibiotics

Precautions

• Use cautiously in patients with a history of allergic reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics
• Monitor liver function during prolonged therapy
• Assess renal function prior to administration

Pregnancy

Salbactam should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether salbactam is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when administering to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Protect from moisture.

Formulations

• Salbactam sodium injection
• Combination preparations with beta-lactam antibiotics

Mechanism of action

Like all beta-lactam antibiotics, cefoperazone binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, causing the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysins.

Pharmacodynamics

Cefoperazone is a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Cefoperazone exerts its bactericidal effect by inhibiting the bacterial cell wall synthesis