CJEL BEAUTY JELLY (Each 15g contains Hydrolyzed Collagen 750mg/ Vitamin C 100mg/ Hydroxytyrosol 20% (extracted from olives) 20mg/ Sodium Hyaluronate 300µg/ Biotin 100µg)

Indications

• Isolated carboxylase defects
• Defects of biotin metabolism
• Prevention of deficiency in complete biliary obstruction

Dosage

Children: Neonate: Initially 10 mg once daily, adjusted according to response; maintenance 5–20 mg daily. Child: Initially 10 mg once daily, adjusted according to response; maintenance 5–20 mg daily, higher doses may be required.

Adults: For adults, the dosing may vary based on the condition being treated. General guidance is to refer to the BNF for specific dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Biotin acts as a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, facilitating critical metabolic processes including gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism.

Pharmacodynamics

Biotin is essential for the carboxylation of substrates in metabolic pathways, influencing energy metabolism and the synthesis of important biomolecules. It supports normal growth and development.

Pharmacokinetics

Biotin is absorbed in the intestine and is widely distributed in body tissues. It is not stored in large amounts, with excess being excreted in urine. The half-life and specific pharmacokinetic parameters can vary based on individual metabolism and dietary intake.

Adverse effects

• Rough skin
• Dry hair
• Enlarged liver
• Increases in erythrocyte sedimentation rate
• Increased serum calcium
• Increased serum alkaline phosphatase concentration

Precautions

• Excessive doses may be teratogenic
• High levels of vitamin A may cause birth defects

Pregnancy

No information available.

Breast-feeding

No information available.

Formulations

• Tablet
• Oral suspension
• Oral solution
• Solution for injection

Indications

• Vitamin C deficiency
• Scurvy
• Adjunct therapy in iron overload conditions

Dosage

Children: Child 1 month–3 years: 125–250 mg daily in 1–2 divided doses; Child 4–11 years: 250–500 mg daily in 1–2 divided doses; Child 12–17 years: 0.5–1 g daily in 1–2 divided doses.

Adults: 500 mg daily, taken in 1-2 divided doses, depending on the clinical condition and dietary needs.

Mechanism of action

Ascorbic acid functions primarily as a reducing agent, facilitating enzymatic reactions in the body, including the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis. It also plays a role in the absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract and enhances the immune response.

Pharmacodynamics

Ascorbic acid is crucial for the maintenance of connective tissue and is involved in the metabolism of several amino acids. Its antioxidant properties help to mitigate oxidative stress and may play a role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

Pharmacokinetics

Ascorbic acid is absorbed in the intestines and is widely distributed throughout the body. The renal clearance of ascorbic acid is dose-dependent, with higher doses leading to increased excretion. The half-life varies but is generally around 15 to 30 minutes in healthy individuals, with tissue saturation levels influencing its retention.

Contra-indications

• Hypercalcaemia
• Hyperoxaluria
• Patients with cardiac dysfunction

Adverse effects

• Abdominal pain
• Headache
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea
• Constipation
• Weight loss
• Polyuria
• Sweating
• Thirst
• Vertigo

Interactions

• Increases risk of cardiovascular adverse effects with iron chelators
• Increases risk of cardiovascular adverse effects with deferiprone
• Increases risk of cardiovascular adverse effects with desferrioxamine

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with iron overload
• Monitor for symptoms of overdose

Pregnancy

High doses teratogenic in animals but therapeutic doses unlikely to be harmful.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Ascorbic acid 50 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 100 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 200 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 250 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 500 mg capsules

Indications

• Skin aging and wrinkle reduction
• Joint pain and osteoarthritis
• Tendon and ligament injuries
• Bone health
• Wound healing

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing based on the indication and formulation used.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing based on the indication and formulation used.

Mechanism of action

Collagen exerts its effects primarily by providing the necessary amino acids, such as glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, that are crucial for the synthesis of new collagen in the body. It is thought to stimulate fibroblast proliferation, which leads to increased collagen production and improved tissue repair. Additionally, collagen may enhance the hydration of the skin and improve its elasticity.

Pharmacodynamics

Collagen supplementation may promote the synthesis of new collagen and improve the integrity of the extracellular matrix. This can lead to improved skin hydration, elasticity, and the reduction of wrinkles. In joint health, collagen may help reduce inflammation and pain, contributing to improved mobility and function. The effects can vary based on the source of collagen (bovine, porcine, marine) and the form of administration (powder, liquid, capsules).

Pharmacokinetics

After oral administration, collagen peptides are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and enter the bloodstream. They can be transported to various tissues where they may be incorporated into the extracellular matrix. The half-life of collagen peptides is relatively short, and they are metabolized in the liver and other tissues. The bioavailability of collagen can vary based on the formulation and the presence of other dietary components.

Adverse effects

• Allergic reactions
• Skin rash
• Itching
• Gastrointestinal disturbances
• Nausea

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with fish allergies if derived from fish sources
• Monitor for allergic reactions

Pregnancy

Collagen is generally considered safe during pregnancy, but consult a healthcare professional before use.

Breast-feeding

Collagen is likely safe during breastfeeding, but consult a healthcare professional before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Powder
• Capsules
• Liquid

Indications

• Osteoarthritis of the knee
• Viscosupplementation for joint pain
• Dry eye syndrome
• Ocular surgeries (e.g., cataract surgery)
• Wound healing

Dosage

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines or literature for adult dosing recommendations, as they can vary based on

Mechanism of action

Hyaluronate acts by increasing the viscosity and elasticity of synovial fluid in joints, leading to improved lubrication and shock absorption. It binds to water molecules, thus enhancing the hydration of tissues. In the context of osteoarthritis, it helps to restore the normal viscoelastic properties of the joint fluid, which can help alleviate pain and improve joint function. In ocular applications, it serves to lubricate the surface of the eye, aiding in the comfort and healing of the cornea.

Pharmacodynamics

Hyaluronate's pharmacodynamic effects are primarily related to its hydrophilic nature and its ability to form a gel-like consistency when mixed with water. This property allows it to provide mechanical support and cushioning in joints, reducing friction and wear in the articular cartilage. It also plays a role in cell signaling and tissue hydration, influencing cell proliferation and migration in wound healing.

Pharmacokinetics

Hyaluronate is administered via injection or topical application, depending on the indication. After injection into the joint space, it can remain for several weeks, but its half-life is influenced by factors such as the degree of synovial fluid viscosity and the presence of inflammation. Systemic absorption is minimal, and it is primarily metabolized by hyaluronidase enzymes found in various tissues, leading to fragmentation and clearance from the body. In ocular formulations, its retention time on the eye surface can vary based on the formulation and the presence of preservatives.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to hyaluronate or any component of the formulation
• Infection at the injection site
• Active skin diseases

Adverse effects

• Injection site reactions (pain, swelling, redness)
• Allergic reactions
• Joint effusion
• Increased joint pain
• Headache

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with bleeding disorders
• Careful consideration in patients with a history of allergic reactions
• Not recommended for intra-articular injection in patients with active infections

Pregnancy

Safety in pregnancy has not been established. Use only if clearly needed and the potential benefits justify the risks.

Breast-feeding

It is not known if hyaluronate is excreted in human milk. Use with caution and only if clearly needed.

Storage

Store at 2-25 degrees Celsius. Protect from light. Do not freeze.

Formulations

• Sodium hyaluronate injection
• Hyaluronic acid gel

Indications

• Nutritional supplementation
• Improved protein absorption
• Specific dietary needs
• Medical food formulations

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines or professional recommendations for dosing.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines or professional recommendations for dosing.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of hydrolyzed substances generally involves the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller, more manageable units. For example, in the case of hydrolyzed proteins, the resulting peptides can easily interact with physiological receptors or be utilized in metabolic pathways, providing essential amino acids and promoting biological functions.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics of hydrolyzed substances generally includes the enhanced absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties due to their smaller molecular size. This can lead to a more rapid onset of action and potentially improved therapeutic outcomes compared to their intact forms.

Pharmacokinetics

Hydrolyzed compounds typically exhibit altered pharmacokinetic profiles characterized by increased solubility and faster absorption rates. The smaller size of hydrolyzed molecules allows for better penetration through biological membranes, resulting in higher plasma concentrations and potentially shorter half-lives. Metabolism and excretion may also vary depending on the specific hydrolyzed compound and its pathway.

Pregnancy

The safety of hydrolyzed formulations during pregnancy has not been well established. Consult healthcare professionals before use.

Breast-feeding

It is important to consider the potential effects on the infant. Consult healthcare professionals before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Antioxidant support
• Cardiovascular health
• Anti-inflammatory effects

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing information.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing information.

Mechanism of action

Hydroxytyrosol exerts its effects by scavenging free radicals and reactive oxygen species, thereby reducing oxidative stress. It is involved in dopamine metabolism and may modulate neurotransmitter levels. The compound also enhances endothelial function and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, contributing to its cardiovascular protective effects.

Pharmacodynamics

Hydroxytyrosol's antioxidant properties are attributed to its ability to donate hydrogen atoms to free radicals, stabilizing them and preventing cellular damage. Its anti-inflammatory actions may involve the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of signaling pathways associated with inflammation. Additionally, hydroxytyrosol may improve endothelial function and contribute to vascular health.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of hydroxytyrosol include rapid absorption following oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations typically occurring within 1-2 hours. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily in the urine. The bioavailability of hydroxytyrosol may be influenced by food intake and the presence of other compounds in the diet.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established. Consult healthcare professional before use.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding has not been established. Consult healthcare professional before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Capsules
• Tablets
• Liquid extracts

Mechanism of action

Biotin is necessary for the proper functioning of enzymes that transport carboxyl units and fix carbon dioxide, and is required for various metabolic functions, including gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, propionate metabolism, and catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. In human tissues biotin is a cofactor for the enzymatic carboxylation of four substrates: pyruvate, acetyl coenzyme A (CoA), propionyl CoA, and beta-methylcrotonyl CoA. As such, it plays an important role in both carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Carbon dioxide fixation occurs in a two-step reaction, the first involving binding of carbon dioxide to the biotin moiety of the holoenzyme, and the second involving transfer of the biotin-bound carbon dioxide to an appropriate acceptor. Biotin functions in carbon dioxide fixation reactions in intermediate metabolism, transferring the carboxyl group to acceptor molecules. It acts similarly in decarboxylation reactions. Biotin is essential in human metabolism for its part in the previously described enzymatic steps, in catalyzing deamination of amino acids, and in oleic acid synthesis. Biotin is a cofactor for the enzymatic carboxylation of pyruvate, acetyl coenzyme A (CoA), propionyl CoA, and beta-methylcrotonyl CoA, and, therefore, plays an important role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) depends on Ca2+; uptake of Ca2+ into the ER is mediated by sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 3 (SERCA3). The 5'-flanking region of the SERCA3 gene (ATP2A3) contains numerous binding sites for the transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3. Biotin affects the nuclear abundance of Sp1 and Sp3, which may act as transcriptional activators or repressors. Here we determined whether biotin affects the expression of the SERCA3 gene and, thus, protein folding in human lymphoid cells. Jurkat cells were cultured in media containing 0.025 nmol/L biotin (denoted "deficient") or 10 nmol/L biotin ("supplemented"). The transcriptional activity of the full-length human SERCA3 promoter was 50% lower in biotin-supplemented cells compared to biotin-deficient cells. Biotin-dependent repressors bind to elements located 731 to 1312 bp upstream from the transcription start site in the SERCA3 gene. The following suggest that low expression of SERCA3 in biotin-supplemented cells impaired folding of secretory proteins in the ER, triggering unfolded protein response: (i) sequestration of Ca2+ in the ER decreased by 14 to 24% in response to biotin supplementation; (ii) secretion of interleukin-2 into the extracellular space decreased by 75% in response to biotin supplementation; (iii) the nuclear abundance of stress-induced transcription factors increased in response to biotin supplementation; and (iv) the abundance of stress-related proteins such ubiquitin activating enzyme 1, growth arrest and DNA damage 153 gene, X-box binding protein 1 and phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha increased in response to biotin supplementation. Collectively, this study suggests that supplements containing pharmacological doses of biotin may cause cell stress by impairing protein folding in the ER. Evidence is emerging that biotin participates in processes other than classical carboxylation reactions. Specifically, novel roles for biotin in cell signaling, gene expression, and chromatin structure have been identified in recent years. Human cells accumulate biotin by using both the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter and monocarboxylate transporter 1. These transporters and other biotin-binding proteins partition biotin to compartments involved in biotin signaling: cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nuclei. The activity of cell signals such as biotinyl-AMP, Sp1 and Sp3, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and receptor tyrosine kinases depends on biotin supply. Consistent with a role for biotin and its catabolites in modulating these cell signals, greater than 2000 biotin-dependent genes have

Pharmacodynamics

Biotin is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin which is composed of an ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring, which attaches a valeric acid substituent at one of its carbon atoms. Biotin is used in cell growth, the production of fatty acids, metabolism of fats, and amino acids. It plays a role in the Kreb cycle, which is the process in which energy is released from food. Biotin not only assists in various metabolic chemical conversions, but also helps with the transfer of carbon dioxide. Biotin is also helpful in maintaining a steady blood sugar level. Biotin is often recommended for strengthening hair and nails. Consequenty, it is found in many cosmetic and health products for the hair and skin. Biotin deficiency is a rare nutritional disorder caused by a deficiency of biotin. Initial symptoms of biotin deficiency include: Dry skin, Seborrheic dermatitis, Fungal infections, rashes including erythematous periorofacial macular rash, fine and brittle hair, and hair loss or total alopecia. If left untreated, neurological symptoms can develop, including mild depression, which may progress to profound lassitude and, eventually, to somnolence; changes in mental status, generalized muscular pains (myalgias), hyperesthesias and paresthesias. The treatment for biotin deficiency is to simply start taking some biotin supplements. A lack of biotin in infants will lead to a condition called seborrheic dermatitis or "cradle cap". Biotin deficiencies are extremely rare in adults but if it does occur, it will lead to anemia, depression, hair loss, high blood sugar levels, muscle pain, nausea, loss of appetite and inflamed mucous membranes.