ELLICEY HER DIETARY SUPPLEMENT CAPSULES

Indications

• Vitamin B6 deficiency
• Isoniazid-induced neuropathy (prophylaxis and treatment)
• Idiopathic sideroblastic anaemia
• Prevention of penicillamine-induced neuropathy in Wilson's disease
• Metabolic diseases such as cystathioninuria and homocystinuria
• Premenstrual syndrome

Mechanism of action

Pyridoxine hydrochloride is converted in the body to pyridoxal phosphate, which is the active form of vitamin B6. It serves as a cofactor for more than 100 enzymatic reactions, particularly those involved in the metabolism of amino acids, the synthesis of neurotransmitters (such as serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid), and the production of hemoglobin. Its role in neurotransmitter synthesis makes it crucial for normal brain function and mood regulation.

Pharmacodynamics

Pyridoxine hydrochloride exerts its effects by facilitating the conversion of amino acids into neurotransmitters and is involved in the synthesis of heme. It impacts the metabolism of tryptophan to serotonin and is essential for the production of norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid, which are vital for proper neurological function. Deficiency of vitamin B6 can lead to neurological symptoms, including peripheral neuropathy and cognitive disturbances.

Pharmacokinetics

Pyridoxine hydrochloride is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is primarily metabolized in the liver, where it is converted to its active form, pyridoxal phosphate. The elimination half-life of pyridoxine is approximately 15-20 days, and it is excreted primarily through the urine. Renal impairment may affect the metabolism and excretion of pyridoxine, necessitating dose adjustments.

Contra-indications

• Hyperkalaemia
• Severe liver damage

Adverse effects

• Peripheral neuritis
• Hepatitis
• Hypoglycaemia
• Urine discolouration

Interactions

• Potassium aminobenzoate
• Isoniazid

Precautions

• Caution in renal impairment (increased risk of hyperkalaemia)
• Interrupt treatment during periods of low food intake (such as fasting, anorexia, and nausea) to reduce risk of hypoglycaemia
• Monitor liver function tests monthly during high-dose therapy

Pregnancy

Manufacturer advises avoiding use in pregnancy due to potential risk of birth defects; however, no adverse effects have been reported at normal dietary levels.

Breast-feeding

Theoretical risk of toxicity in infants if mothers take large doses.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Pyridoxine hydrochloride 10 mg tablets
• Pyridoxine hydrochloride 20 mg tablets
• Pyridoxine hydrochloride 50 mg tablets
• Pyridoxine hydrochloride oral solution 20 mg per 1 ml

Indications

• Pain relief in neuropathic pain conditions
• Management of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
• Weight loss and appetite suppression
• Topical treatment for psoriasis and other skin conditions

Dosage

Children: Dosing in children should be determined by a healthcare professional based on individual needs and tolerability, as specific pediatric dosing guidelines for capsaicin are not well established.

Adults: For topical use, apply capsaicin cream or patch to the affected area 3-4 times daily. For oral consumption, capsaicin can be incorporated into meals as tolerated.

Mechanism of action

Capsaicin interacts with the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptors on sensory neurons, leading to an influx of calcium ions. This interaction results in the depolarization of nerve endings, producing a sensation of heat or burning. Over time, capsaicin depletes substance P, a neuropeptide associated with pain transmission, thus exerting analgesic effects.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of capsaicin include analgesia through the desensitization of nociceptive neurons and modulation of inflammatory responses. Capsaicin has been shown to reduce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to its potential anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, capsaicin can stimulate metabolic processes, which may aid in weight management and fat oxidation.

Pharmacokinetics

Capsaicin is rapidly absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract when ingested, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within a few hours. It is metabolized in the liver, primarily through cytochrome P450 enzymes, and excreted through urine. The half-life of capsaicin varies, but it is generally considered to have a short duration of action, necessitating repeated doses for sustained effects.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal irritation
• Heartburn
• Allergic reactions
• Flushing
• Nausea

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with gastrointestinal disorders
• May exacerbate symptoms of heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease

Pregnancy

Chili should be consumed in moderation during pregnancy, as excessive consumption may lead to gastrointestinal discomfort.

Breast-feeding

Chili is generally considered safe in moderation while breastfeeding, but excessive consumption may affect milk flavor.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Fresh chili peppers
• Dried chili powder
• Chili flakes
• Chili sauces

Indications

• General wellness support
• Anti-inflammatory effects
• Antioxidant activity
• Digestive aid
• Support for immune function

Dosage

Children: Paediatric dosing should be determined based on the specific extract and its intended use. Consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended for accurate dosing.

Adults: Dosage varies widely depending on the specific extract and formulation. It is essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of herbal extracts can vary significantly based on their constituents. Commonly, they exert their effects through multiple pathways including modulation of neurotransmitter systems, interference with inflammatory processes, or direct antioxidant activity. Some extracts may activate certain receptors or inhibit enzymes related to disease processes.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of extracts is complex due to the presence of multiple active compounds which can have synergistic or antagonistic effects. These compounds may influence cellular signaling pathways, alter gene expression, or modulate immune response. The overall pharmacological profile is determined by the specific composition of the extract, its concentration, and the biological target it interacts with.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of extracts involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the active compounds. Generally, herbal extracts are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with bioavailability influenced by factors such as formulation, the presence of food, and individual metabolic differences. Compounds may undergo hepatic metabolism, and elimination can occur through urine or feces, depending on their chemical nature.

Pregnancy

Consult a healthcare professional before use, as the safety of the extract during pregnancy has not been established.

Breast-feeding

Consult a healthcare professional before use, as the safety of the extract during breastfeeding has not been established.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Diabetes mellitus
• Hyperlipidemia
• Digestive disorders
• Inflammatory conditions
• Appetite stimulation

Dosage

Children: Refer to established clinical guidelines or pharmacology resources for specific dosing recommendations.

Adults: Refer to established clinical guidelines or pharmacology resources for specific dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Fenugreek's pharmacological effects are attributed to its bioactive constituents. It is believed to enhance insulin secretion and improve glucose metabolism, which may be mediated through the modulation of insulin receptor signaling pathways. Additionally, fenugreek may exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, such as cyclooxygenase.

Pharmacodynamics

Fenugreek exhibits various pharmacodynamic effects, including hypoglycemic activity, which helps lower blood sugar levels. It also has lipid-lowering effects, which may contribute to cardiovascular health. The herb is thought to enhance appetite and digestion, making it useful in treating digestive disorders. Furthermore, its anti-inflammatory properties can be beneficial in managing conditions related to inflammation.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of fenugreek are not well-studied, but it is understood that the bioactive compounds are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The metabolites of fenugreek may exert systemic effects, although the exact absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion pathways are not fully elucidated. Studies indicate that the active components can be found in the bloodstream after ingestion, suggesting that fenugreek can have systemic effects.

Adverse effects

• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Gastrointestinal upset
• Allergic reactions
• Hypoglycemia

Interactions

• May enhance the effects of anticoagulants
• May lower blood sugar levels when used with antidiabetic medications
• Potential interaction with hormone replacement therapy due to estrogenic properties

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with diabetes due to potential hypoglycemic effects
• Caution advised in pregnant women due to potential uterine stimulation
• Monitor for allergic reactions in sensitive individuals

Pregnancy

Fenugreek should be used with caution during pregnancy, as it may stimulate uterine contractions.

Breast-feeding

Fenugreek is generally considered safe during breastfeeding and may even help in increasing milk supply, but monitoring for any adverse effects in the infant is advised.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Dried seeds
• Powdered form
• Capsules
• Extracts

Indications

• Vitamin B6 deficiency
• Peripheral neuropathy associated with isoniazid therapy
• Supplementation in specific dietary deficiencies

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific paediatric dosing guidance.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing details, typically 10-50 mg daily for deficiency.

Mechanism of action

Pyridoxine, mainly in its active form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, is involved in numerous biochemical reactions, including amino acid metabolism, glycogen breakdown, nucleic acid synthesis, and the production of key neurotransmitters. It aids in the synthesis of hemoglobin and sphingolipids, and its deficiency can impair several physiological processes, including immune response and vascular health.

Pharmacodynamics

Pyridoxine is utilized for the prevention and treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency, particularly in individuals undergoing treatment with isoniazid, which can deplete vitamin B6 levels. It may also have beneficial effects on blood pressure and lipid profiles, as studies have shown it can lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, inhibit platelet aggregation, and improve cholesterol levels. Additionally, it plays a role in enhancing immune function and protecting endothelial cells from injury.

Pharmacokinetics

Pyridoxine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is transported to tissues where it is phosphorylated to its active form, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The vitamin is primarily excreted in urine as pyridoxine and its metabolites. Its half-life varies depending on the individual’s nutritional status and other factors. Adequate dietary intake is essential for maintaining optimal levels in the body.

Pregnancy

Pyridoxine is generally considered safe during pregnancy. However, high doses should be avoided unless specifically prescribed.

Breast-feeding

Pyridoxine is excreted in breast milk, but at normal dietary levels it is considered safe for breastfeeding mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Tablets
• Oral solution
• Injectable form

Indications

• Anxiety
• Depression
• Skin wounds
• Inflammation
• Aromatherapy for relaxation

Dosage

Children: Refer to relevant guidelines and literature for specific dosing recommendations, as rose extracts vary widely in concentration and formulation.

Adults: Refer to relevant guidelines and literature for specific dosing recommendations, as rose extracts vary widely in concentration and formulation.

Mechanism of action

The essential oil from rose contains various compounds such as phenyl ethanol, geraniol, and citronellol, which may exert their effects through the modulation of neurotransmitter systems. It is believed to influence the central nervous system, promoting relaxation and reducing anxiety. Additionally, rose extracts possess antioxidant properties, which may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.

Pharmacodynamics

Rose extracts have been shown to have anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, likely through the enhancement of serotonin and dopamine levels in the brain. The anti-inflammatory properties are attributed to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of immune responses. The antioxidant activity helps protect cells from oxidative stress.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of rose extracts are not well-documented due to variations in preparation and formulation. However, the constituents are generally absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes when used topically or in aromatherapy. The bioavailability and half-life of specific compounds can vary widely, influenced by factors such as formulation, dosage, and individual metabolism.

Pregnancy

Insufficient data on the safety of rose during pregnancy. Consult healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Limited information available. Consult healthcare provider before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Mechanism of action

Vitamin B6 is the collective term for a group of three related compounds, pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal (PL) and pyridoxamine (PM), and their phosphorylated derivatives, pyridoxine 5'-phosphate (PNP), pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP). Although all six of these compounds should technically be referred to as vitamin B6, the term vitamin B6 is commonly used interchangeably with just one of them, pyridoxine. Vitamin B6, principally in its biologically active coenzyme form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, is involved in a wide range of biochemical reactions, including the metabolism of amino acids and glycogen, the synthesis of nucleic acids, hemogloblin, sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids, and the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Pharmacodynamics

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is a water-soluble vitamin used in the prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin B6 deficiency and peripheral neuropathy in those receiving isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH). Vitamin B6 has been found to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a small group of subjects with essential hypertension. Hypertension is another risk factor for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Another study showed pyridoxine hydrochloride to inhibit ADP- or epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation and to lower total cholesterol levels and increase HDL-cholesterol levels, again in a small group of subjects. Vitamin B6, in the form of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, was found to protect vascular endothelial cells in culture from injury by activated platelets. Endothelial injury and dysfunction are critical initiating events in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Human studies have demonstrated that vitamin B6 deficiency affects cellular and humoral responses of the immune system. Vitamin B6 deficiency results in altered lymphocyte differentiation and maturation, reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, impaired antibody production, decreased lymphocyte proliferation and decreased interleukin (IL)-2 production, among other immunologic activities.