HYPERGAIN MASS POWDER (Each 350g serving contains Creatine monohydrate/taurine/sodium/magnesium/phosphorus/potassium/digizyme -1000mg/1000mg/769mg/99mg/248mg/633mg/25mg)

Indications

• Supplementation for athletes to enhance performance in high-intensity, short-duration exercises
• Potential use in neurodegenerative diseases for its neuroprotective properties
• Cardioprotective applications in certain cardiac conditions

Dosage

Children: Refer to BNF for Children for specific pediatric dosing guidelines.

Adults: Refer to BNF for specific dosing recommendations as they can vary based on individual circumstances and conditions.

Mechanism of action

In the muscles, some creatine binds to phosphate, forming creatine phosphate, catalyzed by creatine kinase (CK). Phosphocreatine then interacts with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to regenerate ATP, supplying energy for short-term needs before oxidative phosphorylation becomes dominant. This process is particularly important during anaerobic exercise, where energy supply shifts from oxidative to anaerobic pathways.

Pharmacodynamics

Creatine is synthesized from L-arginine, glycine, and L-methionine and is transported to various tissues including skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. In these tissues, creatine is predominantly converted into phosphocreatine, serving as a major energy storage form. The energy-generating capacity of supplemental creatine during high-intensity exercise is coupled with potential neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects.

Pharmacokinetics

Creatine is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration. It is distributed primarily to skeletal muscle, where it is stored as phosphocreatine. The half-life of creatine in plasma is approximately 3 hours, and it is excreted mainly through the kidneys as creatinine, a breakdown product.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal discomfort
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Muscle cramping
• Weight gain due to water retention

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with pre-existing kidney disease or renal impairment.
• Monitor renal function periodically during prolonged use.

Pregnancy

There is insufficient data on the safety of creatine supplementation during pregnancy. It is recommended to avoid use unless prescribed by a healthcare professional.

Breast-feeding

Creatine supplementation is not well studied in breastfeeding women. Use with caution and consult a healthcare provider.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Keep container tightly closed.

Formulations

• Powder
• Capsules
• Tablets

Indications

• Pancreatic insufficiency
• Malabsorption syndromes
• Cystic fibrosis
• Chronic pancreatitis
• Post-surgical states affecting digestion

Dosage

Children: For pediatric dosing, refer to specific guidelines based on the child's age and clinical condition, as well as the recommendations in the BNF for Children.

Adults: Dosage should be individualized based on the specific condition and dietary fat content, refer to prescribing information for detailed dosing regimens.

Mechanism of action

Digizyme works by supplying exogenous digestive enzymes that facilitate the hydrolysis of macromolecules in the gastrointestinal tract. Amylase breaks down starches into sugars, lipase hydrolyzes fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and protease cleaves proteins into peptides and amino acids, thus enhancing nutrient absorption.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of Digizyme involves the enzymatic activity that assists in the digestive process. The enzymes act locally in the gastrointestinal tract, and their activity is dependent on the pH of the environment, with some enzymes exhibiting optimal activity at acidic pH, while others function best in neutral to alkaline conditions. The overall effect is to improve nutrient breakdown and absorption.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Digizyme is characterized by local action within the gastrointestinal tract. The enzymes are not absorbed systemically but act at the site of digestion. They are degraded by gastric acid and other proteolytic enzymes; therefore, their effects are immediate and localized. The duration of action depends on the transit time through the gastrointestinal tract.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established. Use only if clearly needed.

Breast-feeding

Use with caution, as it is not known whether it is excreted in human milk.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat.

Indications

• Phosphorus deficiency
• Bone health maintenance
• Nutritional supplementation
• Metabolic bone diseases

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing information.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing information.

Mechanism of action

Phosphorus decreases the absorption of intercellular calcified cartilage matrix by osteoclasts in the metaphyseal region of growing bones. This results in the formation of 'phosphorus bands' of increased bone density and thickness. Additionally, exposure to white phosphorus impairs protein synthesis by damaging the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, leading to an accumulation of triglycerides in the liver and resulting in hepatic steatosis and fibrosis.

Pharmacodynamics

Phosphorus is vital for the formation of hydroxyapatite in bone, which is necessary for maintaining bone density and strength. It also plays a significant role in energy transfer through ATP and in cellular signaling pathways. The balance of phosphorus in the body is tightly regulated, as both deficiency and excess can lead to serious health issues, including bone disorders and metabolic dysfunctions.

Pharmacokinetics

Phosphorus is absorbed primarily in the intestines, with bioavailability influenced by dietary factors. It is distributed throughout the body and is predominantly found in bones and teeth. Phosphorus is excreted mainly via the kidneys, with regulation occurring through various hormonal mechanisms, including parathyroid hormone and calcitriol. The half-life can vary depending on dietary intake and individual metabolism.

Pregnancy

Phosphorus is generally regarded as safe during pregnancy when consumed in appropriate dietary amounts. However, excessive phosphorus intake should be avoided as it may lead to complications.

Breast-feeding

Phosphorus is excreted in breast milk, but it is essential for the health of both the mother and the infant. Supplementation should be considered carefully.

Storage

Store in a tightly closed container, in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Nutritional supplementation in adults and children
• Management of conditions related to taurine deficiency
• Support in metabolic disorders

Dosage

Children: Refer to BNF for Children for specific dosing guidelines.

Adults: Refer to BNF for specific dosing guidelines.

Mechanism of action

Taurine functions by replacing missing nutrients in the body. It serves as a substrate for bile salt formation, regulates cell volume, modulates intracellular calcium levels, and provides cytoprotection in the central nervous system.

Pharmacodynamics

Taurine supplements are well-tolerated and serve as a nitrogen source for nutritional support. The administration of taurine regulates plasma amino acid concentrations, nitrogen balance, weight, and serum protein levels to normalize values and enhance overall nutritional status.

Pharmacokinetics

Taurine is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is distributed widely in the body, particularly in tissues with high metabolic activity. It is excreted primarily through urine. The pharmacokinetics may vary based on dietary intake and individual metabolic rates.

Pregnancy

Taurine is generally considered safe during pregnancy, but consult a healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Taurine is thought to be safe during breastfeeding, but it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Dietary supplements containing taurine

Mechanism of action

In the muscles, a fraction of the total creatine binds to phosphate - forming creatine phosphate. The reaction is catalysed by creatine kinase, and the result is phosphocreatine (PCr). Phosphocreatine binds with adenosine diphosphate to convert it back to ATP (adenosine triphosphate), an important cellular energy source for short term ATP needs prior to oxidative phosphorylation. Supplemental creatine may have an energy-generating action during anaerobic exercise and may also have neuroprotective and cardioprotective actions. Creatine, creatine kinase and phosphocreatine make up an intricate cellular enegy buffering and transport system connecting sites of energy production in the mitochondria with sites of energy consumption. CK is a key enzyme in involved in cellular energy homeostasis. It reversibly catalyzes the transfer of the high-energy phosphate bond in PCr to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and it catalyzes the transfer of the high-energy phosphate bond in ATP to creatine to form PCr. During periods of intense exercise and skeletal muscle contraction, bioenergetic metabolism switches from one in which oxidative phosphorylation is the major pathway of ATP production to one in which so-called anaerobic glycolysis becomes dominant.

Pharmacodynamics

Creatine is a essential, non-proteinaceous amino acid derivative found in all animals. It is synthesized in the kidney, liver, and pancreas from L-arginine, glycine and L-methionine. Following its biosynthesis, creatine is transported to the skeletal muscle, heart, brain and other tissues. Most of the creatine is metabolized in these tissues to phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate). Phosphocreatine is a major energy storage form in the body. Supplemental creatine may have an energy-generating action during anaerobic exercise and may also have neuroprotective and cardioprotective actions.

Mechanism of action

Phosphorus apparently decreases the absorption of intercellular calcified cartilage matrix by osteoclasts, in the metaphyseal region of growing bones. Administration of phosphorus to growing animals or children produces "phosphorus bands" of increased bone density and thickness that are visible grossly or from radiograms. The "phosphorus bands" are observed in the metaphyseal region of growing bones, and represent areas of decreased absorption of the calcified cartilage matrix. Exposure to white phosphorus has been shown to damage the rough endoplasmic reticulum and cause a disaggregation of polyribosomes. This damage results in impairment of protein synthesis, in particular, a decrease in the synthesis of the apolipoprotein portion of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), which are required for the transport of triglycerides. A significant decrease in protein synthesis has been detected as early as 3 hours after oral exposure. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is also involved in the formation of the VLDLs, and damage to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum also impairs the formation of VLDLs. The net result of these ultrastructural changes is an accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. This results in steatosis and fibrosis, which is one of the mechanisms involved in the hepatotoxicity of white phosphorus. The mechanism behind the damage to the endoplasmic reticulum is not known; also, it is not known whether white phosphorus itself or a metabolite of white phosphorus is the damaging agent. In addition to these damages, white phosphorus or a metabolite causes damage to the mitochondria and nuclei in the livers of animals orally exposed to white phosphorus. The damage to the mitochondria may impair the cell's ability to produce ATP, thus resulting in necrosis of the cell. Fatty infiltration and/or cellular damage has also been observed in the kidney, brain, and heart. It is possible that white phosphorus (or a metabolite) also impairs the ability of cells in these organs to produce ATP. The mitochondrial damage may also inhibit fatty acid oxidation (also contributing to the decreased availability of ATP) which could result in an accumulation of fat in the organs.

Mechanism of action

The diet supplements containing taurine function by replacing the missing nutriments in the body. Taurine, as a single agent, presents different functions like substrate for formation of bile salts, cell volume regulation, modulation of intracellular calcium, cytoprotection of central nervous system, etc.

Pharmacodynamics

The diet supplements containing taurine are formulated as a well-tolerated nitrogen source for nutritional support. Administration of diet supplements regulates the level of plasma amino acid concentration, nitrogen balance, weight and serum protein concentration to reach normal values, thus improving the nutritional status.