LECTOCURE PLUS ORAL SOLUTION (Each liter contains Mannan Oligosaccharide 89600mg/ Beta glucan 112000mg/ Lectin 50400mg/ D.L Methionine 25000mg/ Vitamin E 100000mg/ Betain 50000mg/ Sorbitol25000mg)

Indications

• Asthma
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
• Hypertension
• Heart Failure
• Cardiac Arrhythmias

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing guidelines based on the condition being treated and the formulation of the drug used.

Mechanism of action

Beta-adrenergic agonists stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to increased intracellular cAMP levels, which causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and dilation of the airways. This mechanism is particularly important in the treatment of asthma and COPD, where airway constriction is a major issue. Beta-blockers, on the other hand, inhibit the effects of catecholamines on beta receptors, resulting in decreased heart rate and myocardial contractility, which is beneficial in managing hypertension and certain types of cardiac arrhythmias.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of beta drugs vary depending on whether they are agonists or antagonists. Agonists lead to a dose-dependent bronchodilation and increased heart rate, while antagonists decrease heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand. The effects of these drugs can be influenced by patient-specific factors such as receptor sensitivity, presence of comorbid conditions, and concurrent medications.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of beta drugs can differ substantially. Agonists are typically rapidly absorbed and distributed, with onset of action occurring within minutes. They may have short half-lives, necessitating multiple doses throughout the day. Beta-blockers, in contrast, may have longer half-lives and can be administered once or twice daily. Metabolism usually occurs in the liver, and renal excretion is common for both classes, affecting their dosing in patients with renal impairment.

Interactions

• betablockers, selective + aminophylline: Severe (increases risk of bronchospasm)
• dacomitinib + betablockers, selective: Severe (increases exposure)
• mexiletine + betablockers, selective: Severe (increases risk of cardiovascular adverse effects)
• betablockers, selective + theophylline: Severe (increases risk of bronchospasm)
• beta 2 agonists + linezolid: Severe (increases risk of elevated blood pressure)
• mao-b inhibitors + beta: Severe (increases risk of severe hypertension)
• verapamil + betablockers, non-selective: Severe (increases risk of cardiovascular adverse effects)
• cobicistat + beta: Severe (increases exposure)
• dacomitinib + betablockers, non-selective: Severe (increases exposure)
• idelalisib + beta: Severe (increases exposure)

Indications

• Immunomodulation
• Support in infections
• Potential use in cancer therapy

Mechanism of action

Mannan exerts its effects primarily through modulation of the immune system. It interacts with specific receptors on immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, leading to activation of these cells and enhancement of cytokine production. This action can stimulate both innate and adaptive immunity, contributing to the body's defense against pathogens.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of mannan involve its ability to stimulate immune responses, including the activation of complement pathways and enhancement of phagocytosis by immune cells. Its immunomodulatory properties can lead to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which play a crucial role in the body's response to infections and the development of immune tolerance in various diseases.

Pharmacokinetics

Mannan is generally not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract due to its complex polysaccharide structure. Instead, it may exert local effects in the gut, and its immunomodulatory effects are thought to be mediated through its interaction with gut-associated lymphoid tissue. The exact pharmacokinetic profile, including metabolism and excretion, is not well-documented, necessitating further research to fully understand its behavior in the body.

Pregnancy

Safety in pregnancy has not been established. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding has not been established. Caution is advised.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Methionine deficiency
• Hepatotoxicity prevention
• Cholesterol management

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of the possible anti-hepatotoxic activity of L-methionine is not entirely clear. It is thought that metabolism of high doses of acetaminophen in the liver leads to decreased levels of hepatic glutathione and increased oxidative stress. L-methionine serves as a precursor to L-cysteine, which has antioxidant properties and is a precursor to glutathione. The antioxidant activity of L-methionine and its metabolites likely contribute to its potential anti-hepatotoxic effects. Methionine also exhibits free-radical scavenging activity and chelating ability due to its sulfur content.

Pharmacodynamics

L-Methionine functions as a primary supplier of sulfur, which is essential for preventing hair, skin, and nail disorders. It aids in lowering cholesterol levels by enhancing the liver's production of lecithin, reducing liver fat, and protecting kidney function. Methionine acts as a natural chelating agent for heavy metals and helps regulate ammonia formation, contributing to ammonia-free urine and reduced bladder irritation. Furthermore, it influences hair follicles and promotes hair growth, in addition to its potential protective effects against hepatotoxins like acetaminophen.

Pharmacokinetics

Methionine is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is distributed throughout the body, where it is utilized in protein synthesis and converted into other metabolites, such as S-adenosylmethionine and L-cysteine. The metabolism of methionine involves several pathways, including transsulfuration to cysteine and incorporation into proteins. The renal clearance of methionine is significant, as it is involved in the regulation of nitrogen balance and the formation of ammonia.

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Allergic reactions

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with liver disease
• Monitor for allergic reactions in sensitive individuals

Pregnancy

There is insufficient evidence to determine the safety of methionine during pregnancy. Consult a healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether methionine is excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when administering to breastfeeding women.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Oral tablets
• Powder for oral solution

Indications

• Prebiotic supplementation
• Support for digestive health
• Enhancement of gut microbiota
• Improvement of bowel regularity
• Potential immune modulation

Dosage

Children: Refer to relevant clinical guidelines and individual products for dosing information, as specific dosing can vary based on the type of oligosaccharide and

Adults: Refer to relevant clinical guidelines and individual products for dosing information, as specific dosing can vary based on the type of oligosaccharide and the intended use.

Mechanism of action

Oligosaccharides act primarily by serving as substrates for beneficial gut bacteria, promoting their growth and activity. This fermentation process leads to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which have various health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects and improved gut barrier function. Certain oligosaccharides may also modulate immune responses and influence the absorption of minerals.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of oligosaccharides relate to their fermentation in the colon, where they are metabolized by gut microbiota. This fermentation process results in the production of SCFAs, such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which can influence gut motility, enhance nutrient absorption, and provide energy to colonic epithelial cells. Additionally, oligosaccharides can modulate immune functions by influencing the activity of immune cells and cytokine production.

Pharmacokinetics

Oligosaccharides are generally not absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract; instead, they reach the colon intact, where they are fermented by the gut microbiota. The absorption of any resultant metabolites, such as SCFAs, occurs in the colon. The time to fermentation can vary based on the type of oligosaccharide and individual gut microbiota composition. Due to their low digestibility, they typically have a low caloric value.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal discomfort
• Bloating
• Flatulence
• Diarrhea

Precautions

• Individuals with known allergies to oligosaccharides should avoid use.
• Use with caution in patients with gastrointestinal disorders.

Pregnancy

Oligosaccharides are generally considered safe during pregnancy, but it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Oligosaccharides are typically safe while breastfeeding, as they are naturally occurring in breast milk and may promote gut health in infants.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Powder
• Capsules
• Tablets

Indications

• Prevention of vitamin E deficiency
• Antioxidant therapy
• Support in conditions related to oxidative stress

Dosage

Children: Refer to BNF for Children for specific dosage guidelines.

Adults: Refer to BNF for specific dosage guidelines.

Mechanism of action

Tocopherol acts as a radical scavenger, primarily functioning as an antioxidant for lipid bilayers. It donates hydrogen atoms to free radicals, trapping them and preventing cellular damage. Its effectiveness is influenced by its location within the membrane and its interaction with cytosolic reductants like ascorbate. Tocopherol can trap multiple radicals, including alkyl and peroxy radicals.

Pharmacodynamics

The antioxidant properties of tocopherol lead to significant pharmacodynamic effects, including the inhibition of cell death through modulation of protein kinase C (PKC). Tocopherol also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, which can be attributed to its influence on cytokines, prostaglandins, prostanoids, and thromboxanes. These interactions may contribute to its protective effects in various pathological conditions.

Pharmacokinetics

Tocopherol is absorbed in the intestines and its bioavailability can be influenced by dietary fat intake. It is transported in the plasma primarily bound to lipoproteins. Tocopherol is stored in adipose tissue and the liver, and its elimination occurs through bile and urine. The half-life of tocopherol can vary depending on the individual's nutritional status and other factors.

Pregnancy

Tocopherol is generally considered safe during pregnancy, but it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Tocopherol is excreted in breast milk, and while it is considered safe, a healthcare provider should be consulted for specific recommendations.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Hyperhomocysteinemia
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
• Liver steatosis
• Exercise performance enhancement

Dosage

Children: Refer to established clinical guidelines for specific dosing recommendations, as doses may vary based on condition and formulation.

Adults: Refer to established clinical guidelines for specific dosing recommendations, as doses may vary based on condition and formulation.

Mechanism of action

Betaine acts as a methyl donor in the methionine cycle, promoting the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. This process is crucial for maintaining proper methylation processes in the body. Additionally, betaine has osmoprotective properties, helping to stabilize proteins and cellular structures in hyperosmotic environments.

Pharmacodynamics

Betaine exhibits protective effects on liver function by reducing hepatic fat accumulation and promoting the metabolism of homocysteine. It has been shown to improve liver function tests in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and may enhance exercise performance and muscle recovery by reducing muscle fatigue.

Pharmacokinetics

Betaine is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is distributed throughout the body tissues. It undergoes minimal metabolism, primarily being excreted unchanged in the urine. The half-life of betaine is relatively short, necessitating regular dosing for therapeutic effects. It has a good safety profile, with few adverse effects reported at normal dietary intake levels.

Pregnancy

There is insufficient data to determine the safety of betaine during pregnancy. Consult a healthcare provider for advice.

Breast-feeding

There is limited information on the excretion of betaine in human milk. Caution is advised when administering to breastfeeding mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Immune system support
• Adjunct treatment in cancer therapy
• Management of hyperlipidemia
• Enhancement of gut health

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines as dosages can vary widely based on formulation and intended use.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines as dosages can vary widely based on formulation and intended use.

Mechanism of action

Beta-glucans interact with immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils through specific receptors, including Dectin-1. This interaction activates the immune response by promoting phagocytosis, cytokine production, and the activation of the complement system, leading to enhanced immune surveillance and response to pathogens.

Pharmacodynamics

Glucans have been shown to modulate immune function by enhancing the activities of immune cells. They can promote the proliferation and activation of various immune cells, such as T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. Their effects on the immune system contribute to improved resistance against infections and potentially increased antitumor activity.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of glucans can vary based on their source and structure. Generally, after oral administration, glucans are not fully digested and are partially absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. They may undergo fermentation by gut microbiota, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids and other metabolites that can contribute to health benefits. The systemic absorption of glucans is limited, but local effects in the gut and immune modulation are significant.

Adverse effects

• Allergic reactions
• Gastrointestinal upset
• Nausea
• Diarrhea

Precautions

• Use caution in patients with known allergies to yeast products
• Monitor for potential allergic reactions in susceptible individuals

Pregnancy

There is limited data on the safety of glucan during pregnancy. Use only if clearly needed and after consulting a healthcare provider.

Breast-feeding

There is insufficient data on the excretion of glucan in human milk. Caution is advised when administered to breastfeeding women.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Oral powder
• Tablets
• Capsules

Indications

• Autoimmune diseases
• Cancer
• Infections
• Immune modulation
• Cell signaling disorders

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific clinical guidelines or literature for dosing information, as it varies widely depending on the specific lectin and its intended use.

Adults: Refer to specific clinical guidelines or literature for dosing information, as it varies widely depending on the specific lectin and its intended use.

Mechanism of action

Lectins interact specifically with carbohydrate moieties on glycoproteins and glycolipids. This binding can lead to agglutination of cells, modulation of cell signaling pathways, and influence on immune responses. They may affect cellular interactions and communication by binding to specific sugar residues on cell surfaces, which can alter cellular functions and influence disease mechanisms.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of lectins involve their ability to bind to glycosylated structures on cells, which can lead to changes in cell adhesion, proliferation, and apoptosis. Their effects can be both beneficial and detrimental, depending on the context and the specific lectin involved. In some cases, lectins can enhance immune responses, while in others, they may contribute to pathogenesis in diseases such as cancer or autoimmune disorders.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of lectins vary widely depending on the source and type of lectin. Generally, they are not well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract when ingested, leading to limited systemic availability. However, specific lectins may have localized effects in the gut and can modulate gut microbiota and immune responses. Research into their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion is ongoing, with studies examining their therapeutic potential and safety.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal discomfort
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Allergic reactions

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with known allergies to legumes or specific lectins
• Monitor for gastrointestinal side effects, particularly in high doses

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established; use only if clearly needed.

Breast-feeding

Limited data available; use with caution.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, protected from light.

Formulations

• Powder
• Capsules
• Tablets

Indications

• Constipation
• Bowel preparation for surgical or diagnostic procedures
• Management of hepatic encephalopathy (in specific formulations)

Dosage

Children: For children, dosages depend on age and weight, and it is crucial to refer to the BNF for Children for precise dosing recommendations.

Adults: The typical adult dosage for sorbitol as a laxative is 30-150 mL orally, as needed, depending on the severity of constipation and individual tolerance. For bowel preparation, higher doses may be required, and specific protocols should be followed.

Mechanism of action

Sorbitol acts as an osmotic laxative by increasing the osmotic pressure in the intestinal lumen. This action causes water to be retained in the bowel, resulting in softer stools and stimulating peristalsis, which aids in bowel evacuation.

Pharmacodynamics

Sorbitol's laxative effect occurs due to its ability to create an osmotic gradient that draws water into the intestines. This results in increased bowel volume, which stimulates colonic motility and facilitates the passage of stool. The onset of action is typically variable, depending on the individual and dosage, ranging from 30 minutes to several hours.

Pharmacokinetics

Sorbitol is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is metabolized in the liver to fructose and other metabolites. The elimination half-life is not well defined due to its minimal systemic absorption. Excretion is primarily via the urine, with some amount being eliminated unchanged in the feces.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to sorbitol
• Severe abdominal pain
• Bowel obstruction
• Dehydration

Adverse effects

• Diarrhea
• Abdominal cramps
• Nausea
• Flatulence
• Electrolyte imbalance

Interactions

• May enhance the laxative effect of other laxatives
• Caution when used with medications that require a specific gastrointestinal pH for absorption

Precautions

• Use cautiously in patients with renal impairment
• Monitor for signs of dehydration
• Avoid prolonged use to prevent dependence

Pregnancy

No adequate studies in pregnant women. Use only if clearly needed.

Breast-feeding

Sorbitol is generally considered safe during breastfeeding, but consult a healthcare provider.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and light. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Oral solution
• Powder for solution

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of the possible anti-hepatotoxic activity of L-methionine is not entirely clear. It is thought that metabolism of high doses of acetaminophen in the liver lead to decreased levels of hepatic glutathione and increased oxidative stress. L-methionine is a precursor to L-cysteine. L-cysteine itself may have antioxidant activity. L-cysteine is also a precursor to the antioxidant glutathione. Antioxidant activity of L-methionine and metabolites of L-methionine appear to account for its possible anti-hepatotoxic activity. Recent research suggests that methionine itself has free-radical scavenging activity by virtue of its sulfur, as well as its chelating ability. Amino acids are selected for protein synthesis by binding with transfer RNA (tRNA) in the cell cytoplasm. The information on the amino acid sequence of each individual protein is contained in the sequence of nucleotides in the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, which are synthesized in the nucleus from regions of DNA by the process of transcription. The mRNA molecules then interact with various tRNA molecules attached to specific amino acids in the cytoplasm to synthesize the specific protein by linking together individual amino acids; this process, known as translation, is regulated by amino acids (e.g., leucine), and hormones. Which specific proteins are expressed in any particular cell and the relative rates at which the different cellular proteins are synthesized, are determined by the relative abundances of the different mRNAs and the availability of specific tRNA-amino acid combinations, and hence by the rate of transcription and the stability of the messages. From a nutritional and metabolic point of view, it is important to recognize that protein synthesis is a continuing process that takes place in most cells of the body. In a steady state, when neither net growth nor protein loss is occurring, protein synthesis is balanced by an equal amount of protein degradation. The major consequence of inadequate protein intakes, or diets low or lacking in specific indispensable amino acids relative to other amino acids (often termed limiting amino acids), is a shift in this balance so that rates of synthesis of some body proteins decrease while protein degradation continues, thus providing an endogenous source of those amino acids most in need. /Protein synthesis/ The mechanism of intracellular protein degradation, by which protein is hydrolyzed to free amino acids, is more complex and is not as well characterized at the mechanistic level as that of synthesis. A wide variety of different enzymes that are capable of splitting peptide bonds are present in cells. However, the bulk of cellular proteolysis seems to be shared between two multienzyme systems: the lysosomal and proteasomal systems. The lysosome is a membrane-enclosed vesicle inside the cell that contains a variety of proteolytic enzymes and operates mostly at acid pH. Volumes of the cytoplasm are engulfed (autophagy) and are then subjected to the action of the protease enzymes at high concentration. This system is thought to be relatively unselective in most cases, although it can also degrade specific intracellular proteins. The system is highly regulated by hormones such as insulin and glucocorticoids, and by amino acids. The second system is the ATP-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is present in the cytoplasm. The first step is to join molecules of ubiquitin, a basic 76-amino acid peptide, to lysine residues in the target protein. Several enzymes are involved in this process, which selectively targets proteins for degradation by a second component, the proteasome. /Protein degradation/ Methionine dependence, the inability of cells to grow when the amino acid methionine is replaced in culture medium by its metabolic precursor homocysteine, is characteristic of many cancer cell lines and some tumors in situ. Most cell lines proliferate normally under these conditions. The methionine dependent t

Pharmacodynamics

L-Methionine is a principle supplier of sulfur which prevents disorders of the hair, skin and nails; helps lower cholesterol levels by increasing the liver's production of lecithin; reduces liver fat and protects the kidneys; a natural chelating agent for heavy metals; regulates the formation of ammonia and creates ammonia-free urine which reduces bladder irritation; influences hair follicles and promotes hair growth. L-methionine may protect against the toxic effects of hepatotoxins, such as acetaminophen. Methionine may have antioxidant activity.

Mechanism of action

Tocopherol acts as a radical scavenger. It mainly acts as an antioxidant for lipid bilayers. Tocopherol's functions depend on the H-atom donating ability, location, and movement within the membrane, as well as the efficiency in the radical recycling by some cytosolic reductants such as ascorbate. Tocopherol actions are related to the trap of radicals, and it has been shown that even in the absence of substituents in the ortho-positions, tocopherol can trap more than two radicals. The type of radicals available for tocopherol are alkyl and peroxy.

Pharmacodynamics

The antioxidant effects of tocopherol can be translated into different changes at the pharmacodynamic level. In vitro studies have shown that this antioxidant activity can produce modification in protein kinase C (PKC) which will later be translated into an inhibition of cell death. Some other derivate effects are the anti-inflammatory properties of tocopherol which can be related to the modulation of cytokines or prostaglandins, prostanoids and thromboxanes.