NEOVITA CAPSULES (Each capsules contains Vit A/ Vit D/ Vit E/ Vit C/ Riboflavin/ Niacinamide

Indications

• Dermatitis
• Acne
• Rosacea
• Hyperpigmentation
• Skin aging

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing guidelines for paediatric patients.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing guidelines based on the condition being treated.

Mechanism of action

Niacinamide functions primarily as a precursor to NAD and NADP, which are crucial for numerous enzymatic reactions in the body. It is involved in the NAD salvage pathway, which recycles nicotinamide for NAD synthesis. This process is vital for cellular energy production and metabolic processes. Niacinamide also has anti-inflammatory properties, which may contribute to its effects in skin health.

Pharmacodynamics

Niacinamide exhibits various pharmacological effects, including enhancing skin barrier function, reducing inflammation, and improving skin pigmentation. It has been shown to modulate keratinocyte function, improve collagen synthesis, and decrease the synthesis of sebum, thereby providing beneficial effects in conditions like acne and rosacea.

Pharmacokinetics

Niacinamide is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is distributed widely throughout the body and can cross biological membranes. The metabolism of niacinamide primarily occurs in the liver through methylation and conjugation, and it is excreted in urine as metabolites. The half-life of niacinamide is approximately 1-2 hours, and its effects can be prolonged due to its role in NAD synthesis.

Pregnancy

No evidence of harm, but use only if clearly needed.

Breast-feeding

Considered safe to use while breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light.

Formulations

• {'type': 'Topical cream', 'concentration': 'Various concentrations available'}
• {'type': 'Oral tablets', 'concentration': '100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg'}

Indications

• Vitamin B2 deficiency
• Isoniazid-induced neuropathy (prophylaxis and treatment)
• Metabolic diseases
• Cystathioninuria
• Homocystinuria
• Wilson's disease
• Prevention of penicillamine-induced neuropathy

Mechanism of action

Riboflavin acts as a precursor to flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which are essential coenzymes in various enzymatic reactions. It binds to riboflavin hydrogenase, riboflavin kinase, and riboflavin synthase, facilitating the production of FMN and FAD. These coenzymes are critical for normal tissue respiration and energy metabolism, influencing hydrogen transport in oxidative enzyme systems such as cytochrome C reductase and succinic dehydrogenase. Moreover, riboflavin contributes to the antioxidant activity by aiding in the production of reduced glutathione, a key antioxidant in the body.

Pharmacodynamics

Riboflavin is an easily absorbed, water-soluble micronutrient that supports energy production by assisting in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. It is vital for red blood cell formation, antibody production, and regulating growth and reproduction. The vitamin plays a significant role in maintaining healthy skin, nails, and hair, as well as supporting thyroid activity. Riboflavin also has therapeutic implications in preventing or treating various eye disorders, including cataracts.

Pharmacokinetics

Riboflavin is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with its bioavailability influenced by dietary intake. It is primarily excreted through urine, with excess intake leading to bright yellow urine, which is a harmless side effect. The vitamin does not accumulate in the body, necessitating regular dietary intake to maintain adequate levels.

Adverse effects

• Urine discolouration
• Peripheral neuritis

Precautions

• With intravenous use, risk of cardiovascular collapse; resuscitation facilities must be available and monitor closely.

Pregnancy

Crosses the placenta but no adverse effects reported; information at high doses limited.

Breast-feeding

Present in breast milk but no adverse effects reported; information at high doses limited.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• 100 mg modified-release tablets
• 50 mg capsules
• 100 mg capsules
• 100 mg tablets
• Oral solution

Mechanism of action

Binds to riboflavin hydrogenase, riboflavin kinase, and riboflavin synthase. Riboflavin is the precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN, riboflavin monophosphate) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The antioxidant activity of riboflavin is principally derived from its role as a precursor of FAD and the role of this cofactor in the production of the antioxidant reduced glutathione. Reduced glutathione is the cofactor of the selenium-containing glutathione peroxidases among other things. The glutathione peroxidases are major antioxidant enzymes. Reduced glutathione is generated by the FAD-containing enzyme glutathione reductase. Riboflavin is converted to 2 coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which are necessary for normal tissue respiration. Riboflavin is also required for activation of pyridoxine, conversion of tryptophan to niacin, and may be involved in maintaining erythrocyte integrity. Riboflavin functions as the coenzyme for flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), which primarily influence hydrogen transport in oxidative enzyme systems (eg, cytochrome C reductase, succinic dehydrogenase, xanthine oxidase). Two active forms of riboflavin exist ... coenzyme flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). They are formed by reaction of riboflavin with 1 and 2 molecules of ATP as follow: riboflavin + ATP = riboflavin-P (FMN) + ADP; FMN + ATP = riboflavin-ADP (FAD) + PP. Riboflavin is a water-soluble, yellow, fluorescent compound. The primary form of the vitamin is as an integral component of the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD). It is in these bound coenzyme forms that riboflavin functions as a catalyst for redox reactions in numerous metabolic pathways and in energy production. ... The redox reactions in which flavocoenzymes participate include flavoprotein-catalyzed dehydrogenations that are both pyridine nucleotide (niacin) dependent and independent, reactions with sulfur-containing compounds, hydroxylations, oxidative decarboxylations (involving thiamin as its pyrophosphate), dioxygenations, and reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. There are obligatory roles of flavocoenzymes in the formation of some vitamins and their coenzymes. For example, the biosynthesis of two niacin-containing coenzymes from tryptophan occurs via FAD-dependent kynurenine hydroxylase, an FMN-dependent oxidase catalyzes the conversion of the 5'-phosphates of vitamin B6 to coenzymic pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and an FAD-dependent dehydrogenase reduces 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate to the 5'-methyl product that interfaces with the B12-dependent formation of methionine from homocysteine and thus with sulfur amino acid metabolism. For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for Riboflavin (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Pharmacodynamics

Riboflavin or vitamin B2 is an easily absorbed, water-soluble micronutrient with a key role in maintaining human health. Like the other B vitamins, it supports energy production by aiding in the metabolising of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Vitamin B2 is also required for red blood cell formation and respiration, antibody production, and for regulating human growth and reproduction. It is essential for healthy skin, nails, hair growth and general good health, including regulating thyroid activity. Riboflavin also helps in the prevention or treatment of many types of eye disorders, including some cases of cataracts.