NOBILIS MA 6/88 VACCINE (LIVE ATTENUATED STRAIN OF MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM STRAIN MA 6188)

Indications

• Measles
• Mumps
• Rubella
• Yellow fever
• Varicella (chickenpox)
• Rotavirus

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific vaccine guidelines for paediatric dosing.

Adults: Refer to specific vaccine guidelines for adult dosing.

Mechanism of action

Attenuated vaccines work by mimicking a natural infection. The weakened pathogen replicates in the body, stimulating the immune system to produce a response against it, which includes the activation of T-cells and the production of antibodies. This prepares the immune system to recognize and fight off the pathogen if exposed in the future.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of attenuated vaccines involve the interaction of the attenuated pathogen with the host's immune system. Upon administration, the vaccine induces both humoral (antibody-mediated) and cell-mediated immunity. This leads to the development of memory cells that ensure a faster and more effective response upon subsequent exposure to the actual pathogen.

Pharmacokinetics

Attenuated vaccines are generally administered via subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. The pharmacokinetics are characterized by the distribution of the vaccine components within the body, with the attenuated organisms replicating locally and inducing an immune response. The onset of immunity typically occurs within weeks, and the duration of immunity can vary depending on the specific vaccine.

Contra-indications

• Severe immunodeficiency
• Pregnant women (specific live attenuated vaccines)
• Severe allergic reactions to vaccine components

Adverse effects

• Injection site reactions (pain, swelling, redness)
• Low-grade fever
• Malaise
• Rash
• Rare neurological complications (e.g., Guillain-Barré syndrome)

Interactions

• Immunosuppressive agents (may reduce vaccine efficacy)
• Blood products (may interfere with immune response to vaccine)
• Other live vaccines (timing may affect immune response)

Precautions

• History of allergic reactions to previous vaccinations
• Presence of active infections
• Chronic illnesses that may affect immune response

Pregnancy

Live attenuated vaccines are generally contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential risks to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Most live attenuated vaccines are considered safe during breastfeeding, but caution and consultation with a healthcare provider are advised.

Storage

Store in a refrigerator at 2-8°C. Do not freeze. Protect from light.

Formulations

• Injectable suspension
• Oral suspension
• Lyophilized powder for reconstitution

Indications

• Bacterial infections in poultry
• Respiratory infections
• Enteritis
• Bacterial pneumonia

Dosage

Children: Refer to veterinary guidelines for appropriate dosing based on the infection being treated and the animal's weight.

Adults: Refer to veterinary guidelines for appropriate dosing based on the infection being treated and the animal's weight.

Mechanism of action

Gallisepticum works by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. This action prevents the translocation of peptides and halts the growth of bacteria, making it bacteriostatic. Its selectivity for bacterial ribosomes over mammalian ribosomes contributes to its therapeutic efficacy and safety profile.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic profile of gallisepticum indicates that it is effective at low concentrations against susceptible microorganisms. The drug exhibits a time-dependent killing effect, meaning that the duration of exposure at therapeutic levels is critical for achieving optimal antibacterial activity. Resistance may develop through various mechanisms, including methylation of adenine residues in the 23S rRNA, which decreases drug binding.

Pharmacokinetics

Gallisepticum is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract when administered orally. It undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver, with a significant first-pass effect. The elimination half-life varies depending on the species but generally ranges from several hours to a day. The drug is primarily excreted through bile and urine, with a minor fraction excreted unchanged. Its distribution in tissues is wide, allowing effective penetration into respiratory tissues.

Pregnancy

There is limited data on the use of gallisepticum during pregnancy. It is advisable to use caution and consult with a healthcare provider.

Breast-feeding

There is insufficient information regarding the excretion of gallisepticum in human milk. Caution is recommended if administered during breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Measles
• Mumps
• Rubella
• Varicella (chickenpox)
• Yellow fever
• Rotavirus
• Intranasal influenza

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing information based on age and vaccine type.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing information, as it can vary by vaccine type and brand.

Mechanism of action

Live vaccines work by introducing a weakened or attenuated form of a pathogen into the body. This stimulates the immune system to recognize and respond to the pathogen, leading to the production of antibodies and memory cells that provide long-term protection against future infections by the same pathogen.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of live vaccines involve the activation of both humoral and cellular immunity. Following vaccination, the immune system generates a robust response, including the production of specific antibodies and the activation of T cells that can recognize and eliminate infected cells. This dual action helps establish long-term immunity.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of live vaccines vary depending on the specific vaccine. Generally, the vaccine is administered via injection, allowing the live attenuated organisms to enter the bloodstream. The immune response typically begins within days and can last for years, depending on the vaccine. Live vaccines are usually stored under refrigeration to maintain their viability, and they should be administered within their expiration dates.

Interactions

• livevaccines + abrocitinib: Severe (increases risk of generalised infection (possibly life-threatening))
• livevaccines + baricitinib: Severe (increases risk of generalised infection (possibly life-threatening))
• livevaccines + filgotinib: Severe (increases risk of generalised infection (possibly life-threatening))
• livevaccines + dexrazoxane: Severe (increases risk of generalised infection (possibly life-threatening))
• livevaccines + iron chelators: Severe (increases risk of generalised infection (possibly life-threatening))
• livevaccines + ozanimod: Severe (increases risk of generalised infection (possibly life-threatening))
• livevaccines + ponesimod: Severe (increases risk of generalised infection (possibly life-threatening))
• livevaccines + siponimod: Severe (increases risk of generalised infection (possibly life-threatening))
• livevaccines + upadacitinib: Severe (increases risk of generalised infection (possibly life-threatening))
• livevaccines + diroximelfumarate: Moderate (increases risk of generalised infection (possibly life-threatening))

Indications

• Mycoplasma pneumonia
• Atypical pneumonia
• Respiratory tract infections
• Sinusitis
• Bronchitis
• Chronic cough

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific antibiotic guidelines as the dosage depends on the antibiotic chosen for treatment

Adults: Refer to specific antibiotic guidelines as the dosage depends on the antibiotic chosen for treatment.

Mechanism of action

Mycoplasma species, particularly Mycoplasma pneumoniae, adhere to the respiratory epithelial cells and disrupt normal cellular processes. They utilize surface proteins and lipids to anchor themselves to host cells, leading to cell damage through inflammatory responses. They do not produce toxins but can induce host immune responses that contribute to the pathogenicity of the infection.

Pharmacodynamics

Mycoplasma are unique bacteria that lack a cell wall, which makes them resistant to many common antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins. The treatment of infections caused by Mycoplasma typically involves the use of antibiotics that target protein synthesis, such as macrolides (e.g., azithromycin) or tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline). These antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth by disrupting essential processes within the bacteria, leading to cell death or stasis.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of antibiotics used to treat Mycoplasma infections can vary. For example, macrolides are well-absorbed orally and have good tissue penetration, allowing them to reach the site of infection effectively. They are metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily through bile. Tetracyclines also have good oral bioavailability and are distributed widely in body tissues, but should be avoided in children under 8 years due to potential effects on bone and tooth development. The half-lives of these antibiotics can range from several hours to a day, depending on the specific drug and patient factors.

Pregnancy

Mycoplasma infections should be treated with caution during pregnancy. The use of antibiotics may be necessary, but the choice of medication should consider safety profiles and potential risks to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Caution is advised when treating Mycoplasma infections in breastfeeding individuals. Certain antibiotics may be excreted in breast milk, so a risk-benefit assessment is essential.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Specific conditions may vary depending on the antibiotic used for treatment.

Indications

• Bacterial infections
• Viral infections
• Epidemiological studies
• Antibiotic resistance monitoring

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific antimicrobial treatment guidelines based on the strain identified and the infection site.

Adults: Refer to specific antimicrobial treatment guidelines based on the strain identified and the infection site.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action for a strain depends on the type of microorganism it represents. For pathogenic bacteria, the strain may produce toxins, evade the host's immune response, or possess resistance mechanisms that allow it to survive in the presence of antibiotics. For viruses, strains may exhibit mutations that alter their ability to infect host cells or evade antiviral therapies.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics in the context of strains involves the interaction between the strain and the host's immune system, as well as the effects of specific antimicrobial agents on the strain. These interactions can influence the efficacy of treatments and the development of resistance.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics is not directly applicable to strains themselves but rather to the drugs used to treat infections caused by specific strains. Factors such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of antimicrobial agents can vary depending on the strain's characteristics and the site of infection.

Pregnancy

There is limited information on the safety of strain in pregnancy. It is advisable to consult healthcare professionals for guidance.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding is not well established. It is recommended to seek medical advice before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and moisture. Keep out of reach of children.