NUTRI-GLOW COLLAGEN POWDER

Indications

• Isolated carboxylase defects
• Defects of biotin metabolism
• Prevention of deficiency in complete biliary obstruction

Dosage

Children: Neonate: Initially 10 mg once daily, adjusted according to response; maintenance 5–20 mg daily. Child: Initially 10 mg once daily, adjusted according to response; maintenance 5–20 mg daily, higher doses may be required.

Adults: For adults, the dosing may vary based on the condition being treated. General guidance is to refer to the BNF for specific dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Biotin acts as a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes, facilitating critical metabolic processes including gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism.

Pharmacodynamics

Biotin is essential for the carboxylation of substrates in metabolic pathways, influencing energy metabolism and the synthesis of important biomolecules. It supports normal growth and development.

Pharmacokinetics

Biotin is absorbed in the intestine and is widely distributed in body tissues. It is not stored in large amounts, with excess being excreted in urine. The half-life and specific pharmacokinetic parameters can vary based on individual metabolism and dietary intake.

Adverse effects

• Rough skin
• Dry hair
• Enlarged liver
• Increases in erythrocyte sedimentation rate
• Increased serum calcium
• Increased serum alkaline phosphatase concentration

Precautions

• Excessive doses may be teratogenic
• High levels of vitamin A may cause birth defects

Pregnancy

No information available.

Breast-feeding

No information available.

Formulations

• Tablet
• Oral suspension
• Oral solution
• Solution for injection

Indications

• Vitamin C deficiency
• Scurvy
• Adjunct therapy in iron overload conditions

Dosage

Children: Child 1 month–3 years: 125–250 mg daily in 1–2 divided doses; Child 4–11 years: 250–500 mg daily in 1–2 divided doses; Child 12–17 years: 0.5–1 g daily in 1–2 divided doses.

Adults: 500 mg daily, taken in 1-2 divided doses, depending on the clinical condition and dietary needs.

Mechanism of action

Ascorbic acid functions primarily as a reducing agent, facilitating enzymatic reactions in the body, including the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis. It also plays a role in the absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract and enhances the immune response.

Pharmacodynamics

Ascorbic acid is crucial for the maintenance of connective tissue and is involved in the metabolism of several amino acids. Its antioxidant properties help to mitigate oxidative stress and may play a role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

Pharmacokinetics

Ascorbic acid is absorbed in the intestines and is widely distributed throughout the body. The renal clearance of ascorbic acid is dose-dependent, with higher doses leading to increased excretion. The half-life varies but is generally around 15 to 30 minutes in healthy individuals, with tissue saturation levels influencing its retention.

Contra-indications

• Hypercalcaemia
• Hyperoxaluria
• Patients with cardiac dysfunction

Adverse effects

• Abdominal pain
• Headache
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea
• Constipation
• Weight loss
• Polyuria
• Sweating
• Thirst
• Vertigo

Interactions

• Increases risk of cardiovascular adverse effects with iron chelators
• Increases risk of cardiovascular adverse effects with deferiprone
• Increases risk of cardiovascular adverse effects with desferrioxamine

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with iron overload
• Monitor for symptoms of overdose

Pregnancy

High doses teratogenic in animals but therapeutic doses unlikely to be harmful.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Ascorbic acid 50 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 100 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 200 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 250 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 500 mg capsules

Indications

• Skin aging and wrinkle reduction
• Joint pain and osteoarthritis
• Tendon and ligament injuries
• Bone health
• Wound healing

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing based on the indication and formulation used.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing based on the indication and formulation used.

Mechanism of action

Collagen exerts its effects primarily by providing the necessary amino acids, such as glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, that are crucial for the synthesis of new collagen in the body. It is thought to stimulate fibroblast proliferation, which leads to increased collagen production and improved tissue repair. Additionally, collagen may enhance the hydration of the skin and improve its elasticity.

Pharmacodynamics

Collagen supplementation may promote the synthesis of new collagen and improve the integrity of the extracellular matrix. This can lead to improved skin hydration, elasticity, and the reduction of wrinkles. In joint health, collagen may help reduce inflammation and pain, contributing to improved mobility and function. The effects can vary based on the source of collagen (bovine, porcine, marine) and the form of administration (powder, liquid, capsules).

Pharmacokinetics

After oral administration, collagen peptides are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and enter the bloodstream. They can be transported to various tissues where they may be incorporated into the extracellular matrix. The half-life of collagen peptides is relatively short, and they are metabolized in the liver and other tissues. The bioavailability of collagen can vary based on the formulation and the presence of other dietary components.

Adverse effects

• Allergic reactions
• Skin rash
• Itching
• Gastrointestinal disturbances
• Nausea

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with fish allergies if derived from fish sources
• Monitor for allergic reactions

Pregnancy

Collagen is generally considered safe during pregnancy, but consult a healthcare professional before use.

Breast-feeding

Collagen is likely safe during breastfeeding, but consult a healthcare professional before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Powder
• Capsules
• Liquid

Indications

• Osteoarthritis
• Dermal filler for aesthetic procedures
• Dry eye syndrome
• Surgical adjunct in ophthalmic procedures

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing, as it varies by formulation and indication.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing, as it varies by formulation and indication.

Mechanism of action

Hyaluronic acid exerts its effects primarily through its ability to bind and retain water, thus contributing to tissue hydration and lubrication. In joints, it provides viscoelastic properties to synovial fluid, reducing friction and facilitating smooth movement. In dermal applications, it promotes skin moisture and elasticity by attracting water to the skin surface.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic properties of hyaluronic acid are attributed to its capacity to form a gel-like structure upon hydration, which enhances its mechanical and biological functions. In joint injections, it alleviates pain and improves function in patients with osteoarthritis by restoring the viscosity of synovial fluid. In cosmetic applications, its hydrophilic nature increases skin volume and smoothness, reducing the appearance of wrinkles.

Pharmacokinetics

Hyaluronic acid is administered via various routes, including intra-articular injections, topical formulations, and subdermal injections. After administration, it is distributed in the extracellular matrix, where it remains for varying durations depending on the formulation and site of application. The half-life can range from hours to days; however, once in the body, it is metabolized by hyaluronidases and other enzymes, with catabolites excreted primarily through urine.

Adverse effects

• Injection site reactions
• Allergic reactions
• Headache
• Dizziness

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to hyaluronic acid or any of its components
• Consider potential risks in patients with bleeding disorders or those on anticoagulant therapy

Pregnancy

Hyaluronic acid is generally considered safe for topical use during pregnancy, but systemic safety has not been fully established. Consult a healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Topical hyaluronic acid is considered safe for use during breastfeeding, but consult a healthcare provider for systemic use.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from direct sunlight. Once opened, use as directed and do not freeze.

Formulations

• Injectable solutions
• Topical gels
• Ophthalmic solutions

Indications

• Cardiovascular disease prevention
• Hypertriglyceridemia
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Cognitive health and neuroprotection
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• General health supplement

Dosage

Children: Due to variability in formulations and indications, it is recommended to refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing information regarding

Adults: The dosage of marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids varies based on the indication and product formulation. General recommendations suggest 1 to 4 grams of combined EPA and DHA per day for cardiovascular benefits. It is advisable to refer to specific product guidelines for exact dosing.

Mechanism of action

The omega-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), exert their effects through various pathways, including the modulation of lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. They influence cell membrane fluidity and play a critical role in the synthesis of eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules that can reduce inflammation and promote cardiovascular health.

Pharmacodynamics

Marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to decrease triglyceride levels, lower blood pressure, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. They also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, which can benefit conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Additionally, DHA is an important structural component of neuronal membranes and is essential for brain development and function.

Pharmacokinetics

After ingestion, omega-3 fatty acids are absorbed in the small intestine and transported into the bloodstream, where they are incorporated into cell membranes. The bioavailability of these fatty acids can vary depending on the form of marine product consumed (such as triglycerides or ethyl esters). Metabolism primarily occurs in the liver, where they undergo beta-oxidation and can influence the synthesis of lipoproteins and other metabolites. The elimination half-life can vary, but regular consumption is generally recommended to maintain effective levels in the body.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established. Consult a healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Consult a healthcare provider before use, as safety during breastfeeding is not well studied.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Hormone replacement therapy
• Diabetes management
• Muscle growth enhancement
• Weight loss
• Treatment of certain cancers
• Antimicrobial activity

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific peptide formulations for dosing recommendations, as they vary widely based on the intended use and formulation.

Adults: Refer to specific peptide formulations for dosing recommendations, as they vary widely based on the intended use and formulation.

Mechanism of action

Peptides exert their effects by binding to specific receptors on target cells, initiating a cascade of intracellular signaling pathways. This can lead to various physiological responses such as modulation of enzyme activity, gene expression, and cellular metabolism. The specific mechanism varies according to the peptide's structure and the biological system it affects.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic profile of peptides is closely related to their structure and the receptors they target. Many peptides function as hormones, neurotransmitters, or growth factors, leading to dose-dependent effects. The potency and efficacy of a peptide are influenced by factors such as receptor affinity, downstream signaling pathways, and the presence of receptor antagonists.

Pharmacokinetics

Peptides are typically administered via injection as they can be degraded by gastrointestinal enzymes when taken orally. Their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination vary based on the peptide's size, structure, and formulation. Generally, peptides have short half-lives due to rapid enzymatic degradation. Modifications to peptide structure can enhance stability and bioavailability.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established; use with caution and only if clearly needed.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding has not been established; use with caution.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, protected from light and moisture.

Mechanism of action

Biotin is necessary for the proper functioning of enzymes that transport carboxyl units and fix carbon dioxide, and is required for various metabolic functions, including gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, propionate metabolism, and catabolism of branched-chain amino acids. In human tissues biotin is a cofactor for the enzymatic carboxylation of four substrates: pyruvate, acetyl coenzyme A (CoA), propionyl CoA, and beta-methylcrotonyl CoA. As such, it plays an important role in both carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Carbon dioxide fixation occurs in a two-step reaction, the first involving binding of carbon dioxide to the biotin moiety of the holoenzyme, and the second involving transfer of the biotin-bound carbon dioxide to an appropriate acceptor. Biotin functions in carbon dioxide fixation reactions in intermediate metabolism, transferring the carboxyl group to acceptor molecules. It acts similarly in decarboxylation reactions. Biotin is essential in human metabolism for its part in the previously described enzymatic steps, in catalyzing deamination of amino acids, and in oleic acid synthesis. Biotin is a cofactor for the enzymatic carboxylation of pyruvate, acetyl coenzyme A (CoA), propionyl CoA, and beta-methylcrotonyl CoA, and, therefore, plays an important role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) depends on Ca2+; uptake of Ca2+ into the ER is mediated by sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 3 (SERCA3). The 5'-flanking region of the SERCA3 gene (ATP2A3) contains numerous binding sites for the transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3. Biotin affects the nuclear abundance of Sp1 and Sp3, which may act as transcriptional activators or repressors. Here we determined whether biotin affects the expression of the SERCA3 gene and, thus, protein folding in human lymphoid cells. Jurkat cells were cultured in media containing 0.025 nmol/L biotin (denoted "deficient") or 10 nmol/L biotin ("supplemented"). The transcriptional activity of the full-length human SERCA3 promoter was 50% lower in biotin-supplemented cells compared to biotin-deficient cells. Biotin-dependent repressors bind to elements located 731 to 1312 bp upstream from the transcription start site in the SERCA3 gene. The following suggest that low expression of SERCA3 in biotin-supplemented cells impaired folding of secretory proteins in the ER, triggering unfolded protein response: (i) sequestration of Ca2+ in the ER decreased by 14 to 24% in response to biotin supplementation; (ii) secretion of interleukin-2 into the extracellular space decreased by 75% in response to biotin supplementation; (iii) the nuclear abundance of stress-induced transcription factors increased in response to biotin supplementation; and (iv) the abundance of stress-related proteins such ubiquitin activating enzyme 1, growth arrest and DNA damage 153 gene, X-box binding protein 1 and phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha increased in response to biotin supplementation. Collectively, this study suggests that supplements containing pharmacological doses of biotin may cause cell stress by impairing protein folding in the ER. Evidence is emerging that biotin participates in processes other than classical carboxylation reactions. Specifically, novel roles for biotin in cell signaling, gene expression, and chromatin structure have been identified in recent years. Human cells accumulate biotin by using both the sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter and monocarboxylate transporter 1. These transporters and other biotin-binding proteins partition biotin to compartments involved in biotin signaling: cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nuclei. The activity of cell signals such as biotinyl-AMP, Sp1 and Sp3, nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, and receptor tyrosine kinases depends on biotin supply. Consistent with a role for biotin and its catabolites in modulating these cell signals, greater than 2000 biotin-dependent genes have

Pharmacodynamics

Biotin is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin which is composed of an ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring, which attaches a valeric acid substituent at one of its carbon atoms. Biotin is used in cell growth, the production of fatty acids, metabolism of fats, and amino acids. It plays a role in the Kreb cycle, which is the process in which energy is released from food. Biotin not only assists in various metabolic chemical conversions, but also helps with the transfer of carbon dioxide. Biotin is also helpful in maintaining a steady blood sugar level. Biotin is often recommended for strengthening hair and nails. Consequenty, it is found in many cosmetic and health products for the hair and skin. Biotin deficiency is a rare nutritional disorder caused by a deficiency of biotin. Initial symptoms of biotin deficiency include: Dry skin, Seborrheic dermatitis, Fungal infections, rashes including erythematous periorofacial macular rash, fine and brittle hair, and hair loss or total alopecia. If left untreated, neurological symptoms can develop, including mild depression, which may progress to profound lassitude and, eventually, to somnolence; changes in mental status, generalized muscular pains (myalgias), hyperesthesias and paresthesias. The treatment for biotin deficiency is to simply start taking some biotin supplements. A lack of biotin in infants will lead to a condition called seborrheic dermatitis or "cradle cap". Biotin deficiencies are extremely rare in adults but if it does occur, it will lead to anemia, depression, hair loss, high blood sugar levels, muscle pain, nausea, loss of appetite and inflamed mucous membranes.