S-Cranic Effervescent Tablets (Each effervescent tablet contains Cranberry extract 500mg/Vitamin C 100mg)

Indications

• Vitamin C deficiency
• Scurvy
• Adjunct therapy in iron overload conditions

Dosage

Children: Child 1 month–3 years: 125–250 mg daily in 1–2 divided doses; Child 4–11 years: 250–500 mg daily in 1–2 divided doses; Child 12–17 years: 0.5–1 g daily in 1–2 divided doses.

Adults: 500 mg daily, taken in 1-2 divided doses, depending on the clinical condition and dietary needs.

Mechanism of action

Ascorbic acid functions primarily as a reducing agent, facilitating enzymatic reactions in the body, including the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis. It also plays a role in the absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract and enhances the immune response.

Pharmacodynamics

Ascorbic acid is crucial for the maintenance of connective tissue and is involved in the metabolism of several amino acids. Its antioxidant properties help to mitigate oxidative stress and may play a role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

Pharmacokinetics

Ascorbic acid is absorbed in the intestines and is widely distributed throughout the body. The renal clearance of ascorbic acid is dose-dependent, with higher doses leading to increased excretion. The half-life varies but is generally around 15 to 30 minutes in healthy individuals, with tissue saturation levels influencing its retention.

Contra-indications

• Hypercalcaemia
• Hyperoxaluria
• Patients with cardiac dysfunction

Adverse effects

• Abdominal pain
• Headache
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea
• Constipation
• Weight loss
• Polyuria
• Sweating
• Thirst
• Vertigo

Interactions

• Increases risk of cardiovascular adverse effects with iron chelators
• Increases risk of cardiovascular adverse effects with deferiprone
• Increases risk of cardiovascular adverse effects with desferrioxamine

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with iron overload
• Monitor for symptoms of overdose

Pregnancy

High doses teratogenic in animals but therapeutic doses unlikely to be harmful.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Ascorbic acid 50 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 100 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 200 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 250 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 500 mg capsules

Indications

• Prevention of urinary tract infections
• Supportive treatment for urinary tract health

Dosage

Children: Refer to product guidelines and consult healthcare professionals for appropriate dosing in children.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines, as dosing can vary based on formulation and concentration.

Mechanism of action

Cranberry's primary mechanism of action involves the presence of proanthocyanidins, which prevent the adherence of uropathogenic E. coli to the uroepithelial cells. This reduces the ability of the bacteria to colonize and cause infection. Additionally, cranberry may have antioxidant properties, contributing to its overall health benefits.

Pharmacodynamics

Cranberry demonstrates antibacterial activity specifically against uropathogenic strains of bacteria. The proanthocyanidins in cranberry have been shown to alter the properties of bacterial fimbriae, thereby interfering with their ability to adhere to the bladder wall. This action helps reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections. Furthermore, cranberry may exert a mild diuretic effect, promoting increased urine flow.

Pharmacokinetics

Cranberry components, particularly its polyphenols, undergo extensive metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract. After ingestion, they are absorbed and metabolized in the liver, where they can be excreted in the urine. Peak plasma concentrations of cranberry constituents occur within 1 to 2 hours post-ingestion. Elimination half-lives vary depending on the specific compound and individual metabolism.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal upset
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Allergic reactions

Interactions

• May interact with warfarin, potentially increasing bleeding risk
• May alter the effectiveness of certain medications metabolized by the liver

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of kidney stones
• Monitor for potential interactions with anticoagulants

Pregnancy

Cranberry is generally regarded as safe during pregnancy when consumed in food amounts. However, consult a healthcare provider for supplementation.

Breast-feeding

Cranberry is likely safe during breastfeeding when consumed as food. Consult a healthcare provider for higher doses.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Refrigerate after opening if in juice form.

Formulations

• Dried cranberries
• Cranberry juice
• Cranberry extract capsules
• Cranberry tablets

Indications

• General wellness support
• Anti-inflammatory effects
• Antioxidant activity
• Digestive aid
• Support for immune function

Dosage

Children: Paediatric dosing should be determined based on the specific extract and its intended use. Consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended for accurate dosing.

Adults: Dosage varies widely depending on the specific extract and formulation. It is essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of herbal extracts can vary significantly based on their constituents. Commonly, they exert their effects through multiple pathways including modulation of neurotransmitter systems, interference with inflammatory processes, or direct antioxidant activity. Some extracts may activate certain receptors or inhibit enzymes related to disease processes.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of extracts is complex due to the presence of multiple active compounds which can have synergistic or antagonistic effects. These compounds may influence cellular signaling pathways, alter gene expression, or modulate immune response. The overall pharmacological profile is determined by the specific composition of the extract, its concentration, and the biological target it interacts with.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of extracts involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the active compounds. Generally, herbal extracts are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with bioavailability influenced by factors such as formulation, the presence of food, and individual metabolic differences. Compounds may undergo hepatic metabolism, and elimination can occur through urine or feces, depending on their chemical nature.

Pregnancy

Consult a healthcare professional before use, as the safety of the extract during pregnancy has not been established.

Breast-feeding

Consult a healthcare professional before use, as the safety of the extract during breastfeeding has not been established.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.