XIPRO TABLETS (Each tablet contains Ciprofloxacin 500mg )

Indications

• Urinary tract infections
• Respiratory tract infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Skin and soft tissue infections
• Bone and joint infections
• Intra-abdominal infections
• Certain types of infectious diarrhea
• Prophylaxis against anthrax

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing information based on the type and severity of infection.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing information based on the type and severity of infection.

Mechanism of action

Ciprofloxacin exerts its bactericidal effect through the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. By disrupting these enzymes, ciprofloxacin prevents the supercoiling of DNA necessary for replication and transcription, ultimately leading to bacterial cell death.

Pharmacodynamics

Ciprofloxacin has a concentration-dependent bactericidal action, meaning its effectiveness increases with higher concentrations. Its mechanism of action leads to the disruption of the bacterial cell cycle, inhibiting both DNA synthesis and cell division. It demonstrates activity against a wide range of pathogens, including Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and certain atypical pathogens.

Pharmacokinetics

Ciprofloxacin is well-absorbed after oral administration, with a bioavailability of approximately 70-80%. It is widely distributed throughout the body, including in tissues and fluids, and has a volume of distribution of about 2-3 L/kg. Ciprofloxacin is primarily eliminated through the kidneys, with about 40-50% of the dose excreted unchanged in the urine. The half-life of ciprofloxacin is approximately 3-5 hours in healthy individuals, and dosage adjustments may be necessary in cases of renal impairment.

Contra-indications

• History of hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin or any other fluoroquinolone
• Concurrent use of tizanidine
• Pregnancy
• Breastfeeding

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Rash
• Tendon rupture or tendinopathy
• QT interval prolongation
• Peripheral neuropathy

Interactions

• Antacids containing magnesium or aluminum can reduce absorption
• Cations such as iron, zinc, and calcium can interfere with ciprofloxacin absorption
• Warfarin may have increased anticoagulant effect when used with ciprofloxacin
• Ciprofloxacin may enhance the effects of certain drugs that prolong the QT interval

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of seizures
• Renal impairment may require dosage adjustment
• Not recommended for use in pediatric patients except for specific infections
• Monitor for signs of tendon pain or inflammation

Pregnancy

Ciprofloxacin is classified as category C. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Ciprofloxacin is excreted in breast milk. Caution is advised, and use should be avoided unless necessary.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and light. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Oral tablets
• Oral suspension
• Intravenous solution
• Ophthalmic solution