XOLAMOL U.D OPTHALMIC SOLUTION (Each ml contains Dotzolamide Hydrochloride/ Trimolol Maleate
Dotzolamide Hydrochloride/ Trimolol Maleate
What it does
Dorzolamide is a medication used to lower eye pressure in certain eye conditions.
Commonly used for: glaucoma, ocular hypertension
Read more in plain English ↓Plain-language summary for general understanding - not medical advice. Always follow your pharmacist/doctor.
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Source: Food and Drugs Authority · fetched 2026-05-08 08:00:27 · updated 2026-10-20 04:00:07
About dotzolamide
Dorzolamide is a medication used to lower eye pressure in certain eye conditions.
What it treats
- glaucoma
- ocular hypertension
How it works
Dorzolamide works by reducing the amount of fluid produced in the eye, which helps to lower eye pressure.
Who it's for
This medication is for adults and children who have increased pressure in the eyes due to conditions like glaucoma.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About trimolol
Timolol is a medicine used to lower pressure in the eyes and help with certain heart conditions.
What it treats
- glaucoma
- ocular hypertension
- high blood pressure (hypertension)
- heart problems
How it works
Timolol works by reducing the amount of fluid in the eye and lowering heart rate and blood pressure.
Who it's for
This medication is for people with eye pressure issues or certain heart conditions.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
Clinical monograph: dotzolamide
Dorzolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used primarily in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. It reduces intraocular pressure by decreasing the production of aqueous humor in the eye.
Indications
- Glaucoma
- Ocular hypertension
Dosage
Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for paediatric dosing recommendations.
Adults: Refer to professional guidelines or specific protocols for adult dosing.
Mechanism of action
Dorzolamide inhibits carbonic anhydrase II, an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of bicarbonate from carbon dioxide and water. By inhibiting this enzyme in the ciliary body of the eye, dorzolamide decreases the secretion of bicarbonate, leading to reduced aqueous humor production and subsequently lowering intraocular pressure.
Pharmacodynamics
Dorzolamide exhibits a dose-dependent reduction in intraocular pressure. It is well absorbed after topical administration, and its effects can be observed within 1 to 2 hours, peaking around 2 hours post-application. The duration of action lasts for approximately 8 to 12 hours.
Pharmacokinetics
Dorzolamide is primarily absorbed through the conjunctival route and has a systemic bioavailability of less than 1%. It is metabolized mainly in the liver, with minimal renal excretion of unchanged drug. The elimination half-life of dorzolamide is about 4 months, and it is excreted in urine primarily as metabolites.
Contra-indications
- Hypersensitivity to dorzolamide or any of its components
- Severe renal impairment
- Hyperchloraemic acidosis
- Hypokalaemia
Adverse effects
- Burning or stinging sensation in the eyes
- Bitter taste
- Allergic reactions including rash and urticaria
- Conjunctivitis
- Corneal deposits
- Visual disturbances
- Dry eye
Interactions
- Concurrent use with other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may increase risk of systemic side effects
- May enhance the effects of other diuretics
- Use with caution in patients taking medications that may cause metabolic acidosis
Precautions
- Monitor for signs of metabolic acidosis
- Use with caution in patients with a history of renal stones
- Caution in patients with hepatic impairment
- Not recommended for use in patients with a history of respiratory acidosis
Pregnancy
Dorzolamide should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Limited data on its safety in pregnant women are available.
Breast-feeding
Dorzolamide is excreted in breast milk. Caution should be exercised when administering to nursing mothers.
Storage
Store at room temperature, away from light and moisture. Do not freeze. Keep out of reach of children.
Formulations
- Ophthalmic solution 2% (as dorzolamide hydrochloride)
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: trimolol
Trimolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist (beta-blocker) primarily used in the management of hypertension and certain types of glaucoma. It works by blocking the action of catecholamines on beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to a decrease in heart rate, myocardial contractility, and overall cardiac output. Additionally, it reduces intraocular pressure by decreasing aqueous humor production in the eye.
Indications
- Hypertension
- Angina pectoris
- Heart failure
- Migraine prophylaxis
- Glaucoma
- Intraocular hypertension
Dosage
Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific paediatric dosing information.
Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing information.
Mechanism of action
Trimolol exerts its effects by binding to and inhibiting beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors. This blockade results in a decrease in heart rate and myocardial contractility, which lowers blood pressure. In the eye, it reduces aqueous humor production, thereby lowering intraocular pressure, making it useful in the treatment of glaucoma.
Pharmacodynamics
Trimolol's pharmacodynamic effects include a reduction in heart rate, myocardial contractility, and conduction velocity through the atrioventricular node. It also causes bronchodilation in the lungs due to beta-2 receptor blockade, although this action may be less pronounced than in selective beta-2 agonists. The reduction of intraocular pressure is particularly important in the management of glaucoma, where it helps to prevent optic nerve damage.
Pharmacokinetics
Trimolol is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism, leading to variable bioavailability. It is protein-bound to a significant extent and has a relatively long half-life, allowing for once or twice daily dosing. The drug is metabolized in the liver, and its metabolites are excreted primarily via the kidneys. The pharmacokinetic profile may be influenced by factors such as age, liver function, and concomitant medications.
Contra-indications
- Hypersensitivity to trimolol or any of its components
- Severe bradycardia
- Heart block greater than first degree
- Cardiogenic shock
- Uncontrolled heart failure
- Asthma or history of bronchial asthma
- Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Adverse effects
- Bradycardia
- Hypotension
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
- Depression
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Shortness of breath
- Worsening of heart failure
- Cold extremities
Interactions
- Other antihypertensive agents may enhance the hypotensive effect
- Calcium channel blockers may increase the risk of bradycardia and hypotension
- NSAIDs may reduce the antihypertensive effect
- Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents may mask symptoms of hypoglycemia
Precautions
- Use with caution in patients with diabetes, as it may mask hypoglycemic symptoms
- Monitor cardiac function in patients with pre-existing heart conditions
- Caution in patients with hepatic impairment
- Discontinue gradually to avoid rebound hypertension
Pregnancy
Trimolol should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Consult appropriate guidelines.
Breast-feeding
Trimolol is excreted in breast milk, and caution is advised when administering to nursing mothers.
Storage
Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Keep out of reach of children.
Formulations
- Ophthalmic solution
- Oral tablet
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.