HAEMACCEL

Indications

• Hypovolemia
• Fluid resuscitation during surgical procedures
• Shock
• Burns

Dosage

Children: Refer to BNF for Children for appropriate dosing information.

Adults: Refer to specific clinical guidelines and BNF for dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Polygeline works by increasing oncotic pressure within the vascular compartment, which draws fluid into the intravascular space from the interstitial compartments. This helps to expand blood volume and improve circulation, particularly in cases of hypovolemia due to trauma, surgery, or other causes.

Pharmacodynamics

Polygeline exhibits a rapid onset of action, with effects on plasma volume restoration observable within minutes of administration. Its colloidal properties allow it to maintain plasma volume for a sustained period, although the duration of action may vary depending on the patient's condition and the volume of fluid administered. The safety profile of polygeline is generally favorable, with minimal risk of allergic reactions or anaphylaxis compared to other colloids.

Pharmacokinetics

Polygeline is administered intravenously, where it is rapidly distributed into the vascular space. The elimination half-life is variable, influenced by factors such as the patient's renal function and fluid balance. Polygeline is metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily through the kidneys. Its colloidal nature means that it does not distribute into the interstitial space as readily as crystalloids, allowing it to maintain intravascular volume longer.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to polygeline or any of its components
• Severe dehydration
• Active bleeding disorders

Adverse effects

• Allergic reactions including rash and itching
• Headache
• Nausea and vomiting
• Hypotension
• Tachycardia
• Fluid overload

Interactions

• Caution when used with anticoagulants, as it may enhance the risk of bleeding
• May interact with diuretics, leading to altered fluid balance

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with renal impairment
• Monitor fluid balance in patients with heart failure or hypertension
• Assess for potential allergic reactions prior to administration

Pregnancy

There are limited data on the use of polygeline during pregnancy. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether polygeline is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when administering to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from light and moisture. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Intravenous solution

Indications

• Surgical procedures
• Injection of medications
• Preparation of sterile pharmaceutical products
• Management of open wounds
• Use in controlled environments such as hospitals and laboratories

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific drug monographs for dosage information as sterile itself is not a pharmacological agent.

Adults: Refer to specific drug monographs for dosage information as sterile itself is not a pharmacological agent.

Mechanism of action

Sterility itself does not have a mechanism of action as it is a state of cleanliness and does not interact with biological systems. However, the methods used to achieve sterility, such as heat or chemical agents, act by denaturing proteins, disrupting cellular structures, or damaging nucleic acids in microorganisms, leading to their inactivation or destruction.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of sterile techniques primarily involves the prevention of microbial infection and contamination when administering medications. By ensuring that products are sterile, the risk of adverse effects related to infections is minimized. The effectiveness of sterilization methods can be influenced by factors such as temperature, duration of exposure, and the type of microorganisms present.

Pharmacokinetics

As sterility does not pertain to a specific drug, pharmacokinetics is not applicable. However, the pharmacokinetics of a drug will depend on its formulation, route of administration, and the presence of preservatives or stabilizers that may be used alongside sterile preparations.

Pregnancy

Sterile preparations are generally considered safe during pregnancy as they are used to provide hydration, nutrition, or medications in a controlled manner, but specific formulations should be assessed individually.

Breast-feeding

Sterile solutions used for hydration or nutritional support are typically safe during breastfeeding, but any specific additives or medications within the solutions should be evaluated for safety.

Storage

Sterile solutions should be stored in a cool, dry place, protected from light, and should be used before the expiration date. Once opened, they may have specific storage requirements based on the formulation.

Formulations

• Sterile saline solution
• Sterile water for injection
• Sterile dextrose solution
• Sterile electrolyte solutions