IMMU-C EFFERVESCENT SACHET

Indications

• Vitamin C deficiency
• Scurvy
• Adjunct therapy in iron overload conditions

Dosage

Children: Child 1 month–3 years: 125–250 mg daily in 1–2 divided doses; Child 4–11 years: 250–500 mg daily in 1–2 divided doses; Child 12–17 years: 0.5–1 g daily in 1–2 divided doses.

Adults: 500 mg daily, taken in 1-2 divided doses, depending on the clinical condition and dietary needs.

Mechanism of action

Ascorbic acid functions primarily as a reducing agent, facilitating enzymatic reactions in the body, including the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis. It also plays a role in the absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract and enhances the immune response.

Pharmacodynamics

Ascorbic acid is crucial for the maintenance of connective tissue and is involved in the metabolism of several amino acids. Its antioxidant properties help to mitigate oxidative stress and may play a role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

Pharmacokinetics

Ascorbic acid is absorbed in the intestines and is widely distributed throughout the body. The renal clearance of ascorbic acid is dose-dependent, with higher doses leading to increased excretion. The half-life varies but is generally around 15 to 30 minutes in healthy individuals, with tissue saturation levels influencing its retention.

Contra-indications

• Hypercalcaemia
• Hyperoxaluria
• Patients with cardiac dysfunction

Adverse effects

• Abdominal pain
• Headache
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhoea
• Constipation
• Weight loss
• Polyuria
• Sweating
• Thirst
• Vertigo

Interactions

• Increases risk of cardiovascular adverse effects with iron chelators
• Increases risk of cardiovascular adverse effects with deferiprone
• Increases risk of cardiovascular adverse effects with desferrioxamine

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with iron overload
• Monitor for symptoms of overdose

Pregnancy

High doses teratogenic in animals but therapeutic doses unlikely to be harmful.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Ascorbic acid 50 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 100 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 200 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 250 mg tablets
• Ascorbic acid 500 mg capsules

Indications

• Prevention of the common cold
• Treatment of upper respiratory tract infections
• Support for immune system function

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines as doses can vary depending on the formulation and concentration of echinacea.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines as doses can vary depending on the formulation and concentration of echinacea.

Mechanism of action

Echinacea is thought to stimulate the immune system by increasing the activity of macrophages and other immune cells. It may enhance the production of cytokines, which are critical for coordinating the immune response. The active components, including alkylamides, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides, may also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects.

Pharmacodynamics

Echinacea shows immunomodulatory effects, enhancing phagocytosis, promoting the release of interferons, and increasing the number of white blood cells. It may also exhibit antioxidant properties, reducing oxidative stress in immune cells. These effects contribute to its potential in reducing the duration and severity of cold symptoms.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of echinacea are not well-defined due to its complex mixture of active compounds. However, it is known to be rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 1 to 2 hours. The elimination half-life is variable, and the bioavailability of its active components can be influenced by factors such as preparation method and individual metabolism.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to echinacea or any of its components
• Autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, lupus)
• Severe allergies, particularly to plants in the Asteraceae family

Adverse effects

• Allergic reactions including rash, itching, and swelling
• Gastrointestinal upset such as nausea and diarrhea
• Dizziness
• Headache

Interactions

• May interact with immunosuppressants, potentially reducing their effectiveness
• Possible interaction with anticoagulants, increasing the risk of bleeding
• May affect the metabolism of certain medications by influencing cytochrome P450 enzymes

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with allergies, especially to plants
• Caution in patients with asthma, as it may exacerbate symptoms
• Consult healthcare professional before use in patients with liver disorders

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established; use with caution and consult a healthcare professional.

Breast-feeding

Limited data available; consult a healthcare professional before use while breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Oral capsules
• Liquid extracts
• Teas

Indications

• General wellness support
• Anti-inflammatory effects
• Antioxidant activity
• Digestive aid
• Support for immune function

Dosage

Children: Paediatric dosing should be determined based on the specific extract and its intended use. Consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended for accurate dosing.

Adults: Dosage varies widely depending on the specific extract and formulation. It is essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of herbal extracts can vary significantly based on their constituents. Commonly, they exert their effects through multiple pathways including modulation of neurotransmitter systems, interference with inflammatory processes, or direct antioxidant activity. Some extracts may activate certain receptors or inhibit enzymes related to disease processes.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of extracts is complex due to the presence of multiple active compounds which can have synergistic or antagonistic effects. These compounds may influence cellular signaling pathways, alter gene expression, or modulate immune response. The overall pharmacological profile is determined by the specific composition of the extract, its concentration, and the biological target it interacts with.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of extracts involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the active compounds. Generally, herbal extracts are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with bioavailability influenced by factors such as formulation, the presence of food, and individual metabolic differences. Compounds may undergo hepatic metabolism, and elimination can occur through urine or feces, depending on their chemical nature.

Pregnancy

Consult a healthcare professional before use, as the safety of the extract during pregnancy has not been established.

Breast-feeding

Consult a healthcare professional before use, as the safety of the extract during breastfeeding has not been established.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.