INJPIME

Indications

• Bacterial infections due to sensitive Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
• Complicated urinary tract infections
• Acute pyelonephritis
• Hospital-acquired pneumonia
• Ventilator-associated pneumonia

Dosage

Adults: By intravenous infusion: 1 g every

Mechanism of action

Cefepime disrupts bacterial cell walls by binding to and inhibiting transpeptidases known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are critical for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer. This action leads to the lysis and death of susceptible microorganisms. Cefepime exhibits strong binding affinity for PBP-3 and PBP-1 in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and PBP-2 in E. coli and Enterobacter cloacae.

Pharmacodynamics

Cefepime has a broad range of activity against various Gram-negative bacteria, including Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Viridans group streptococci. It is more stable against beta-lactamases compared to third-generation cephalosporins and is less likely to induce resistance mechanisms in bacteria.

Pharmacokinetics

Cefepime is well-absorbed when administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It has a volume of distribution of 0.2 to 0.3 L/kg and is primarily eliminated through the kidneys, with a half-life of approximately 2 hours in patients with normal renal function. Dose adjustments are necessary for patients with renal impairment to prevent accumulation and potential toxicity.

Adverse effects

• Anemia
• Hypotension
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Thrombocytosis
• Gastrointestinal disorders
• Anxiety
• Constipation
• Insomnia
• Angina pectoris
• Arrhythmias
• Dyspnoea
• Genital pruritus
• Paraesthesia
• Seizure

Precautions

• Monitor renal function in patients with renal impairment
• Use with caution in patients with a history of antibiotic-associated colitis
• Caution in patients with known allergies to beta-lactam antibiotics

Pregnancy

Manufacturer advises to use only if potential benefit outweighs risk, with toxicity observed in animal studies.

Breast-feeding

Manufacturer advises avoiding use due to lack of available information.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, protected from light. Follow specific storage instructions as indicated on the product label.

Formulations

• Injection, powder for solution for infusion (1 g and 2 g vials)
• Injection, powder for solution for infusion (500 mg and 1 g vials)

Indications

• Surgical procedures
• Injection of medications
• Preparation of sterile pharmaceutical products
• Management of open wounds
• Use in controlled environments such as hospitals and laboratories

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific drug monographs for dosage information as sterile itself is not a pharmacological agent.

Adults: Refer to specific drug monographs for dosage information as sterile itself is not a pharmacological agent.

Mechanism of action

Sterility itself does not have a mechanism of action as it is a state of cleanliness and does not interact with biological systems. However, the methods used to achieve sterility, such as heat or chemical agents, act by denaturing proteins, disrupting cellular structures, or damaging nucleic acids in microorganisms, leading to their inactivation or destruction.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of sterile techniques primarily involves the prevention of microbial infection and contamination when administering medications. By ensuring that products are sterile, the risk of adverse effects related to infections is minimized. The effectiveness of sterilization methods can be influenced by factors such as temperature, duration of exposure, and the type of microorganisms present.

Pharmacokinetics

As sterility does not pertain to a specific drug, pharmacokinetics is not applicable. However, the pharmacokinetics of a drug will depend on its formulation, route of administration, and the presence of preservatives or stabilizers that may be used alongside sterile preparations.

Pregnancy

Sterile preparations are generally considered safe during pregnancy as they are used to provide hydration, nutrition, or medications in a controlled manner, but specific formulations should be assessed individually.

Breast-feeding

Sterile solutions used for hydration or nutritional support are typically safe during breastfeeding, but any specific additives or medications within the solutions should be evaluated for safety.

Storage

Sterile solutions should be stored in a cool, dry place, protected from light, and should be used before the expiration date. Once opened, they may have specific storage requirements based on the formulation.

Formulations

• Sterile saline solution
• Sterile water for injection
• Sterile dextrose solution
• Sterile electrolyte solutions

Mechanism of action

Cefepime is a bactericidal cephalosporin with a mode of action similar to other beta-lactam antibiotics. Cefepime disrupts bacterial cell walls by binding and inhibiting transpeptidases known as penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are enzymes involved in the final stages of peptidoglycan layer synthesis. This results in the lysis and death of susceptible microorganisms. Cefepime has a broad spectrum of _in vitro_ activity that includes both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cefepime has affinity for PBP-3 and PBP-1 in _Escherichia coli_ and _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, as well as PBP-2 in _E. coli_ and _Enterobacter cloacae_.

Pharmacodynamics

Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is active against Gram-negative bacteria such as _Enterobacter_ spp., _Escherichia coli_, _Klebsiella pneumoniae_, _Proteus mirabilis_ and _Pseudomonas aeruginosa_, and Gram-positive bacteria such as _Staphylococcus aureus_ (methicillin-susceptible isolates only), _Streptococcus pneumoniae_, _Streptococcus pyogenes_ and Viridans group streptococci. Compared to third-generation cephalosporins, cefepime has an extended Gram-negative coverage. Whereas other cephalosporins are degraded by plasmid- and chromosome-mediated beta-lactamases, cefepime is stable and not significantly hydrolyzed by these enzymes. Cefepime is also a poor inducer of type 1 beta-lactamases and, therefore, a good alternative against bacteria resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. In animal models of infection, the time that the unbound plasma concentration of cefepime exceeds the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of infecting organisms has been shown to correlate with treatment efficacy. It has been suggested that cefepime can cross the inflamed blood-brain barrier. This, along with its ability to inhibit γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), could lead to the neurotoxic effects observed in some of the patients treated with cefepime.