MATADOR 500 Film coated tablets

Indications

• Dry eye conditions
• Tear deficiency
• Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Dosage

Children: Apply as required, typically in the form of eye drops.

Adults: Apply as required, typically in the form of eye drops.

Mechanism of action

Hypromellose acts by forming a viscous gel upon contact with the ocular surface, which helps to retain moisture and protect against irritants. This gel-like property enhances the stability of the tear film and reduces evaporation, thereby alleviating symptoms associated with dry eye conditions.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of hypromellose are primarily related to its ability to mimic natural tears, providing lubrication to the ocular surface. This lubrication reduces friction during blinking and maintains corneal hydration, which is critical for ocular comfort and health. Its high viscosity also contributes to prolonged retention time on the eye surface.

Pharmacokinetics

Hypromellose is administered topically as eye drops and is not significantly absorbed systemically. The retention time of hypromellose on the ocular surface is enhanced due to its viscosity, allowing for extended relief of dry eye symptoms. The elimination of hypromellose occurs primarily through drainage from the eye and dilution by the natural tear fluid.

Adverse effects

• Temporary visual disturbance
• Eye irritation

Precautions

• Should not be used during contact lens wear
• Use with caution in patients with known hypersensitivity to any component of the formulation

Pregnancy

Hypromellose is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy. However, it should be used only if clearly needed and after consulting a healthcare provider.

Breast-feeding

Hypromellose is unlikely to affect breastfed infants when used as directed, but consultation with a healthcare provider is advisable.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Once opened, use within a specified period as indicated on the packaging.

Formulations

• {'name': 'Teardew', 'concentration': '0.3%', 'form': 'eye drops', 'volume': '10 ml'}
• {'name': 'Xailin Hydrate', 'concentration': '0.3%', 'form': 'eye drops', 'volume': '10 ml'}
• {'name': 'AacuLose', 'concentration': '0.3%', 'form': 'eye drops', 'volume': '10 ml'}
• {'name': 'Artelac', 'concentration': '0.32%', 'form': 'eye drops', 'volume': '10 ml'}
• {'name': 'Lacrilube', 'concentration': '2 mg/g', 'form': 'eye ointment', 'volume': '3.5 g'}
• {'name': 'Celluvisc', 'concentration': '1%', 'form': 'eye drops', 'volume': '0.4 ml unit dose'}

Indications

• Bacterial infections
• Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Community-acquired pneumonia
• Hospital-acquired pneumonia
• Urinary tract infections
• Complicated urinary tract infections
• Prostatitis
• Chronic pulmonary infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Helicobacter pylori eradication (in combination with other drugs)

Dosage

Adults: 500 mg once daily for 5-14 days depending on the infection type and severity; for intravenous infusion, 500 mg to be given over at least 60 minutes.

Mechanism of action

Levofloxacin exerts its antimicrobial activity through the inhibition of two key bacterial enzymes: DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. DNA gyrase introduces negative supercoils into DNA during replication, while topoisomerase IV is essential for unlinking newly replicated chromosomes, allowing cell division. By inhibiting these enzymes, levofloxacin blocks DNA replication, resulting in cell death.

Pharmacodynamics

Levofloxacin is bactericidal and inhibits bacterial DNA replication. It has a longer duration of action than many other antibiotics, allowing for less frequent dosing. The drug may cause QTc-interval prolongation, necessitating caution in patients with risk factors for this condition. Levofloxacin shows in vitro activity against various bacterial pathogens, and while resistance can develop, it typically arises from mutations in target enzymes or drug efflux mechanisms.

Pharmacokinetics

Levofloxacin is well absorbed following oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 1-2 hours. It has a volume of distribution of approximately 100 L and is approximately 30-40% protein bound. The drug is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine, with a half-life of about 6-8 hours, allowing for once or twice daily dosing.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to levofloxacin or other fluoroquinolones
• History of tendon disorders related to fluoroquinolone use
• Patients with a history of myasthenia gravis

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Headache
• Dizziness
• QT interval prolongation
• Tendon rupture
• Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea
• Nephritis tubulointerstitial

Interactions

• Concurrent use with other drugs that prolong the QT interval
• Antacids, sucralfate, metal cations (e.g. magnesium, aluminum, calcium) can reduce absorption
• NSAIDs may increase the risk of CNS stimulation
• Warfarin may have increased anticoagulant effects

Precautions

• Use cautiously in patients with a history of seizures or CNS disorders
• Monitor for signs of tendon damage
• Consider risks in patients with electrolyte disturbances
• Use with caution in patients with renal impairment

Pregnancy

Manufacturer advises use only if potential benefit outweighs risk.

Breast-feeding

Manufacturer advises caution; levofloxacin may be excreted in breast milk.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Protect from light.

Formulations

• 500 mg tablet for oral use
• Solution for intravenous infusion
• Nebuliser solution
• Eye drops

Indications

• Constipation
• Dietary fiber supplementation
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Diverticular disease
• Weight management

Dosage

Children: Refer to appropriate guidelines for specific dosage; generally taken with adequate fluid intake.

Adults: Refer to appropriate guidelines for specific dosage; generally taken with adequate fluid intake.

Mechanism of action

Cellulose acts primarily as a bulk-forming laxative. It absorbs water in the intestines, which increases stool bulk and stimulates peristalsis, thus facilitating bowel movements. Additionally, cellulose is not digestible by human enzymes, leading to fermentation by gut bacteria, which may enhance gut health and alter gut microbiota composition.

Pharmacodynamics

Cellulose increases stool weight and frequency of bowel movements. It works by retaining water in the intestines, leading to softer stools and improved passage through the gastrointestinal tract. The bulking effect of cellulose can help alleviate constipation and promote overall digestive health. It may also play a role in cholesterol reduction and glycemic control through its effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Pharmacokinetics

Cellulose is not absorbed into the bloodstream due to its indigestible nature. Instead, it passes through the gastrointestinal tract, where it adds bulk to the stool. Its fermentation by colonic bacteria produces short-chain fatty acids, which may have beneficial effects on colon health. The onset of action for cellulose as a laxative can vary but is generally within 24 to 72 hours after ingestion.

Adverse effects

• Bloating
• Flatulence
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal discomfort

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of gastrointestinal disorders.
• Monitor for potential allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

Pregnancy

Cellulose is generally considered safe during pregnancy as it is a non-toxic, indigestible fiber.

Breast-feeding

Cellulose is also considered safe during breastfeeding; it is excreted in breast milk in negligible amounts.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Powder
• Capsules
• Tablets
• Granules

Indications

• Used as an excipient in solid dosage forms
• Facilitates drug disintegration and dissolution

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product formulation guidelines as crospovidone is used as an excipient and does not have a direct dosage.

Adults: Refer to specific product formulation guidelines as crospovidone is used as an excipient and does not have a direct dosage.

Mechanism of action

Crospovidone acts by rapidly absorbing water and swelling upon contact with moisture. This action leads to the disintegration of solid dosage forms, thus increasing the surface area of the active ingredients and promoting their dissolution and subsequent absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. It does not affect the pH of the formulation, ensuring that the active ingredients remain stable.

Pharmacodynamics

Crospovidone exhibits properties that enhance the bioavailability of active ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations. Its ability to rapidly disintegrate tablets and capsules leads to quicker release and absorption of the drug into systemic circulation. As a disintegrant, it aids in the effective delivery of drugs that may otherwise be poorly soluble.

Pharmacokinetics

Crospovidone itself is not absorbed systemically when administered orally. It remains in the gastrointestinal tract, where it performs its function as a disintegrant. The pharmacokinetic profile of drugs formulated with crospovidone may be influenced by the enhanced dissolution and absorption rates provided by this excipient.

Pregnancy

Crospovidone is considered to have low toxicity and is generally regarded as safe for use during pregnancy, but specific studies are limited.

Breast-feeding

There is insufficient data on the excretion of crospovidone in human milk, but it is deemed safe for use during breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light and moisture, in tightly closed containers.

Formulations

• Powder
• Tablets

Indications

• Alcohol use disorder
• Acute alcohol intoxication
• Antiseptic for skin disinfection

Mechanism of action

Ethanol affects the brain’s neurons in several ways. It alters their membranes, ion channels, enzymes, and receptors. Ethanol binds directly to the receptors for acetylcholine, serotonin, GABA, and NMDA receptors for glutamate. The sedative effects are mediated through binding to GABA receptors and glycine receptors, while also inhibiting NMDA receptor functioning. As an anti-infective, ethanol acts as an osmolyte, disrupting the osmotic balance across cell membranes. The acute effects result from competitive inhibition of glycine binding to NMDA receptors, leading to disrupted glutamatergic neurotransmission.

Pharmacodynamics

Ethanol produces cellular injury through dehydration and precipitation of cytoplasm, contributing to its bactericidal and antifungal actions. It can lead to neuritis and nerve degeneration when injected near nerve tissues. Up to 98% of ethanol in the body is oxidized, primarily by the hepatic enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Its modulation of neurotransmitter receptors, particularly GABA and NMDA, leads to its sedative properties and potential for developing tolerance with chronic use.

Pharmacokinetics

Ethanol is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has a volume of distribution of approximately 0.5 to 0.6 L/kg. Ethanol is metabolized predominantly in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde, which is further oxidized to acetic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase. The elimination half-life of ethanol varies but is generally around 4 to 5 hours. Factors such as age, sex, body weight, and genetic variability can influence ethanol metabolism.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to ethanol
• Acute alcohol intoxication
• Severe liver disease
• Pregnancy (in non-medicinal use)
• Severe pancreatitis
• Severe head injury or intracranial bleeding

Adverse effects

• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Headache
• Sedation
• Cognitive impairment
• Respiratory depression
• Hypotension
• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Interactions

• CNS depressants (e.g., benzodiazepines, opioids) may enhance sedative effects
• Disulfiram may cause unpleasant reactions when taken with ethanol
• Acetaminophen may increase hepatic toxicity when used with ethanol
• Warfarin may have altered effects when used with ethanol

Precautions

• Caution in patients with a history of alcohol abuse
• Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment
• Monitor for signs of respiratory depression
• Consider potential for addiction and withdrawal symptoms
• Use in moderation in older adults due to increased sensitivity

Pregnancy

Ethanol should be avoided during pregnancy due to the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

Breast-feeding

Ethanol can pass into breast milk; breastfeeding should be avoided for a minimum of 2 hours after consumption.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Keep tightly closed and out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Oral solutions
• Topical antiseptics
• Intravenous formulations
• Medicinal tinctures

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism of action for Hemi is not explicitly detailed in the available resources, but compounds with similar structure may act by modulating neurotransmitter levels, inhibiting enzymes, or affecting cellular signaling pathways.

Pharmacodynamics

Hemi may exhibit pharmacodynamic properties that include modulation of neural activity or inhibition of specific biochemical pathways. Its effects could be dose-dependent and vary based on the therapeutic context.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic profile of Hemi, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, is not well-documented in the provided resources. Generally, compounds in this class may undergo first-pass metabolism and have a variable half-life.

Dosage

Children: Refer to the specific formulation or active ingredient for dosing information.

Adults: Refer to the specific formulation or active ingredient for dosing information.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of hemihydrate forms of drugs can vary widely depending on the specific compound. In many cases, the hemihydrate form enhances the solubility of the active ingredient, which facilitates its dissolution and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics of hemihydrate compounds generally relates to the pharmacological effects that arise from the active drug once it is absorbed. The effects may vary based on the specific drug and its therapeutic target, but overall, the hemihydrate form aims to improve efficacy by ensuring adequate plasma concentrations are achieved more effectively than non-hydrated forms.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of hemihydrate drugs typically demonstrate improved dissolution rates due to the presence of water, which can lead to increased absorption. This may result in quicker onset of action and modified half-lives. The specifics of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion will depend on the active ingredient and its properties.

Pregnancy

Safety in pregnancy has not been established. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when administered to a nursing mother.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Keep container tightly closed.

Indications

• Used as an excipient in tablet formulations
• Used as a bulking agent in capsule formulations
• Used in food products as a thickener or stabilizer

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines as dosage will depend on the formulation and the active ingredients.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines as dosage will depend on the formulation and the active ingredients.

Mechanism of action

Microcrystalline cellulose acts as a non-digestible filler that enhances the flow properties of powders during the manufacturing of tablets and capsules. It does not have a direct pharmacological action on the body but ensures that the active ingredients are effectively delivered to the patient.

Pharmacodynamics

As a non-active ingredient, microcrystalline cellulose does not exert pharmacodynamic effects typical of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Its primary role is to provide a stable and consistent matrix for the drug, facilitating the release of the active compound once ingested.

Pharmacokinetics

Microcrystalline cellulose is not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract; it passes through the digestive system largely unchanged. It adds bulk to the stool, which may aid in promoting regular bowel movements. The substance is excreted in feces, where it contributes to dietary fiber intake.

Pregnancy

Data regarding the use of microcrystalline cellulose during pregnancy is limited. It is advisable to consult with healthcare professionals before use.

Breast-feeding

Microcrystalline cellulose is considered safe during breastfeeding, as it is not absorbed systemically.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture.

Indications

• Dry skin conditions
• Cosmetic formulations
• Emollient in topical creams and lotions
• Emulsifying agent in pharmaceutical preparations

Dosage

Children: For pediatric use, refer to specific product formulations and guidelines, as dosing may vary based on the formulation and concentration.

Adults: Stearyl alcohol is used topically in various formulations. Specific dosing is typically determined by the formulation and intended use, refer to product guidelines for detailed instructions.

Mechanism of action

Stearyl alcohol functions primarily as an emollient and emulsifier. It aids in the formation of stable emulsions by reducing the surface tension between oil and water phases, allowing for the creation of creams and lotions. Its hydrophobic tail interacts with lipids, while the hydroxyl group can form hydrogen bonds with water, enhancing moisture retention in the skin.

Pharmacodynamics

Stearyl alcohol acts by providing a protective barrier on the skin, reducing transepidermal water loss and enhancing hydration. Its emollient properties make it effective in softening and smoothing the skin, which can alleviate dryness and improve the overall appearance of the skin. Additionally, it can enhance the delivery of other active ingredients in topical formulations.

Pharmacokinetics

Stearyl alcohol is not significantly absorbed systemically when applied topically. Its primary action is local to the site of application, where it exerts its emollient effects. The compound is metabolized in the body to various fatty acids and alcohols, and it is excreted primarily through the skin and gastrointestinal tract, with minimal systemic exposure.

Pregnancy

Stearyl is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy; however, specific formulations should be evaluated for their ingredients.

Breast-feeding

Stearyl can be used while breastfeeding, but it's recommended to consult a healthcare provider for specific concerns regarding topical applications.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Cream
• Ointment
• Lotion

Indications

• Used as an excipient in drug formulations
• Pleurodesis for the management of recurrent pleural effusions

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific guidelines for paediatric use, as dosing may differ based on age and clinical condition.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines for the appropriate dosage in pleurodesis and other applications, as it may vary based on clinical context.

Mechanism of action

Talc exhibits very good absorptive properties, allowing it to absorb moisture and other substances effectively. This characteristic is particularly useful in pharmaceutical formulations, where it may enhance the stability and texture of the drug product.

Pharmacodynamics

Talc's primary pharmacodynamic effect is its ability to act as an inert filler and bulking agent in pharmaceutical preparations. It does not have any intrinsic pharmacological activity but serves to improve the physical properties of formulations, such as flowability and compressibility.

Pharmacokinetics

Talc is not absorbed systemically when used as an excipient or in medical procedures. Its effects are local, and it remains in the site of application, where it functions primarily as a mechanical agent. The pharmacokinetics of talc in the context of its use in pleurodesis involves its ability to promote adhesion of the pleural surfaces, thereby preventing fluid accumulation.

Pregnancy

Talc is classified as a substance with minimal systemic absorption, but safety during pregnancy has not been well established. Consult relevant guidelines.

Breast-feeding

Talc is not expected to be absorbed in significant amounts; however, caution is advised and consult guidelines.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Mechanism of action

Levofloxacin, like other fluoroquinolone antibiotics, exerts its antimicrobial activity via the inhibition of two key bacterial enzymes: DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Both targets are type II topoisomerases, but have unique functions within the bacterial cell. DNA gyrase is an enzyme found only in bacteria that introduces negative supercoils into DNA during replication - this helps to relieve torsional strain caused by the introduction of positive supercoils during replication, and these negative supercoils are essential for chromosome condensation and the promotion of transcription initiation. It is comprised of four subunits (two A subunits and two B subunits) of which the A subunits appear to be the target of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Bacterial topoisomerase IV, in addition to contributing to the relaxation of positive supercoils, is essential at the terminal stages of DNA replication and functions to “unlink” newly replicated chromosomes to allow for the completion of cell division. Inhibition of these enzymes by levofloxacin likely occurs via complexation with the topoisomerase enzymes. The end result is a blockade of DNA replication, thus inhibiting cell division and resulting in cell death. Levofloxacin is the L-isomer of the racemate, ofloxacin, a quinolone antimicrobial agent. The antibacterial activity of ofloxacin resides primarily in the L-isomer. The mechanism of action of levofloxacin and other fluoroquinolone antimicrobials involves inhibition of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase (both of which are type II topoisomerases), enzymes required for DNA replication, transcription, repair and recombination. Fluoroquinolones prolong the QT interval by blocking voltage-gated potassium channels, especially the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current I(Kr), expressed by HERG (the human ether-a-go-go-related gene). According to the available case reports and clinical studies, moxifloxacin carries the greatest risk of QT prolongation from all available quinolones in clinical practice and it should be used with caution in patients with predisposing factors for Torsades de pointes (TdP).

Pharmacodynamics

Levofloxacin is bactericidal and exerts its antimicrobial effects via inhibition of bacterial DNA replication. It has a relatively long duration of action in comparison with other antibiotics that allows for once or twice daily dosing. Levofloxacin is associated with QTc-interval prolongation and should be used with caution in patients with other risk factors for prolongation (e.g. hypokalemia, concomitant medications). Levofloxacin has demonstrated _in vitro_ activity against a number of aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and may carry some activity against certain species of anaerobic bacteria and other pathogens such as _Chlamydia_ and _Legionella_. Resistance to levofloxacin may develop, and is generally due to mutations in DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV, or via alterations to drug efflux. Cross-resistance may occur between levofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones, but is unlikely to develop between levofloxacin and other antibiotic classes (e.g. macrolides) due to significant differences in chemical structure and mechanism of action. As antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are geographically distinct, local antibiograms should be consulted to ensure adequate coverage of relevant pathogens prior to use.

Mechanism of action

Ethanol affects the brain’s neurons in several ways. It alters their membranes as well as their ion channels, enzymes, and receptors. Alcohol also binds directly to the receptors for acetylcholine, serotonin, GABA, and the NMDA receptors for glutamate. The sedative effects of ethanol are mediated through binding to GABA receptors and glycine receptors (alpha 1 and alpha 2 subunits). It also inhibits NMDA receptor functioning. In its role as an anti-infective, ethanol acts as an osmolyte or dehydrating agent that disrupts the osmotic balance across cell membranes. ... Ethanol is known to affect a large number of membrane proteins that participate in signaling pathways such as neurotransmitter receptors, enzymes, and ion channels, and there is extensive evidence that ethanol interacts with a variety of neurotransmitters. The major actions of ethanol involve enhancing the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABAa receptors and blockade of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate, an excitatory amine acid (EAA) receptor. Animal studies indicate that the acute effects of ethanol result from competitive inhibition of glycine binding to NMDA receptor and disruption of glutamatergic neurotransmission by inhibiting the response of the NMDA receptor. Persistent glycine antagonism and attenuation of glutamatergic neurotransmission by chronic ethanol exposure results in tolerance to ethanol by enhancing EAA neurotransmission and NMDA receptor upregulation. The latter appears to involve selective increases in NMDA R2B subunit concentrations and other molecular changes in specific brain loci. The abrupt withdrawal of ethanol thus produces a hyperexcitable state that leads to the ethanol withdrawal syndrome and excitotoxic neuronal death. GABA-mediated inhibition, which normally acts to limit excitation, is eliminated during ethanol withdrawal syndrome and further intensifies this excitation. In addition, NMDA receptors function to inhibit the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and mesolimbic structures, which modulate the reinforcing action of addictive xenobiotics such as ethanol. By inhibiting NMDA receptor activity, ethanol could increase dopamine release from the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area and could thus create dependence. Chronic ethanol administration also results in tolerance, dependence, and an ethanol withdrawal syndrome, mediated, in part, by desensitization and or downregulation of GABAa receptors. The development of alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) requires that a combination of physical and physiologic events occur. The normal response to starvation and depletion of hepatic glycogen stores is for amino acids to be converted to pyruvate. Pyruvate can serve as a substrate for gluconeogenesis, be converted to acetyl-CoA, which can enter the Krebs cycle or can be utilized in various biosynthetic pathways (eg, fatty acid, ketone bodies, cholesterol, and acetylcholine) ... Ethanol metabolism generates NADH, resulting in an excess of reducing potential. This high redox state favors the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, diverting pyruvate from being a substrate for gluconeogenesis. To compensate for the lack of normal metabolic substrates, the body mobilizes fat from adipose tissue and increased fatty acid metabolism as an alternative source of energy. This response is mediated by a decrease in insulin and an increased secretion of glucagon, catecholamines, growth hormone, and cortisol. Fatty acid metabolism results in the formation of acetyl-CoA and it combines with the excess acetate that is generated from ethanol metabolism to form acetoacetate. Most of the acetoacetate is reduced to beta-hydroxybutyrate due to the excess reducing potential or high redox state of the cell. Volume depletion interferes with the renal elimination of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, and contributes to the acidosis. An elevated lactate concentration may result from shunting from pyruvate or

Pharmacodynamics

Alcohol produces injury to cells by dehydration and precipitation of the cytoplasm or protoplasm. This accounts for its bacteriocidal and antifungal action. When alcohol is injected in close proximity to nerve tissues, it produces neuritis and nerve degeneration (neurolysis). Ninety to 98% of ethanol that enters the body is completely oxidized. Ethanol is also used as a cosolvent to dissolve many insoluble drugs and to serve as a mild sedative in some medicinal formulations. Ethanol also binds to GABA, glycine, NMDA receptors and modulates their effects. Ethanol is also metabolised by the hepatic enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.

Mechanism of action

It has very good absorptive properties.