Parvexon plus Injection,100ml

Indications

• Heart failure
• Pulmonary edema
• Hypertension
• Chronic kidney disease
• Acute renal failure
• Nephrotic syndrome

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Frusemide works by inhibiting the Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the nephron. This inhibition prevents the reabsorption of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions, leading to increased urinary excretion of these electrolytes along with water. The resultant diuresis helps to decrease fluid overload and lower blood pressure.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of frusemide include significant diuresis, reduced preload and afterload on the heart, and a decrease in blood pressure. It can also lead to electrolyte imbalances such as hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and hypomagnesemia due to its mechanism of action. Its diuretic effect can be dose-dependent, with higher doses resulting in greater diuresis.

Pharmacokinetics

Frusemide is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 1 to 2 hours after oral administration. It has a bioavailability of approximately 50% when taken orally. Frusemide is primarily metabolized by the liver and has a half-life of approximately 1 to 2 hours. It is excreted mainly through the kidneys, with about 60% of the dose eliminated unchanged in urine. Its pharmacokinetic profile can be influenced by factors such as renal function and concomitant medications.

Contra-indications

• Anuria
• Severe electrolyte depletion
• Hypersensitivity to furosemide or any of its components

Adverse effects

• Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., hypokalemia, hyponatremia)
• Dehydration
• Hypotension
• Dizziness
• Tinnitus
• Ototoxicity
• Gastrointestinal disturbances
• Rash

Interactions

• Aminoglycosides (increased risk of ototoxicity)
• Antihypertensive agents (increased hypotensive effect)
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (may reduce furosemide effectiveness)
• Lithium (increased risk of lithium toxicity)

Precautions

• Monitor renal function regularly
• Monitor electrolyte levels, especially potassium
• Caution in patients with hepatic impairment
• Use with caution in elderly patients due to risk of falls
• Assess volume status before initiation

Pregnancy

Furosemide is classified as category C. Use only if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Furosemide is excreted in breast milk. Use with caution and monitor the infant for any adverse effects.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Protect from light.

Formulations

• Oral tablets
• Oral solution
• Injection

Indications

• Theileriosis in cattle
• Protozoan infections in veterinary medicine

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing guidelines in paediatric patients.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing information as it may vary based on the condition being treated.

Mechanism of action

Parvaquone exerts its antiparasitic effects by inhibiting mitochondrial electron transport in protozoan parasites. It disrupts the redox reaction processes essential for the generation of ATP, leading to energy depletion in the parasites, which ultimately results in cell death. This mechanism is particularly effective against Theileria species, which are responsible for the disease Theileriosis.

Pharmacodynamics

Parvaquone demonstrates a selective toxicity towards protozoan parasites, particularly Theileria species, by targeting their unique mitochondrial processes. Its effectiveness is attributed to the compound's ability to interfere with energy metabolism, leading to impaired growth and replication of the parasites. Parvaquone has a rapid onset of action, and its efficacy can vary based on the specific strain of the parasite and the dosage administered.

Pharmacokinetics

Parvaquone is absorbed following administration and is distributed throughout the body, particularly in tissues where Theileria species reside. The drug undergoes metabolic processes predominantly in the liver, and its elimination half-life can vary based on species and individual metabolic rates. The excretion of parvaquone occurs mainly through the feces, with a minor fraction eliminated via urine. The pharmacokinetics may be influenced by factors such as age, health status, and concurrent medications.

Pregnancy

There is insufficient data on the use of parvaquone in pregnant women. Use with caution and only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is unknown whether parvaquone is excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when administering to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• {'formulation': 'Tablet', 'strength': '100 mg'}
• {'formulation': 'Suspension', 'strength': '50 mg/5 mL'}