TAFNEXT

Indications

• HIV-1 infection
• HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing recommendations in pediatric populations.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing guidelines based on individual patient factors and the presence of comorbidities.

Mechanism of action

Alafenamide is converted to its active form, tenofovir diphosphate, which inhibits the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. This inhibition interferes with viral RNA replication, preventing the virus from multiplying and reducing the viral load in the body. Additionally, tenofovir diphosphate is incorporated into viral DNA, leading to termination of the DNA chain and further impeding viral replication.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic profile of alafenamide is consistent with that of tenofovir, showing potent activity against HIV-1. Its mechanism involves the competitive inhibition of reverse transcriptase and incorporation into viral DNA, which results in reduced viral replication. Resistance can develop through mutations in the reverse transcriptase enzyme; however, alafenamide maintains activity against certain resistant strains.

Pharmacokinetics

Alafenamide has a high oral bioavailability, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 0.5 to 1 hour after administration. It is rapidly converted to tenofovir after absorption. The drug has a tissue distribution that favors lymphoid tissues, where HIV is often harbored. Alafenamide is predominantly eliminated via renal pathways; however, its active metabolite, tenofovir, has a longer half-life, allowing for once-daily dosing regimens. The pharmacokinetics can be affected by renal function and other medications that impact renal clearance.

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Rash
• Elevated liver enzymes
• Renal impairment

Interactions

• CYP3A4 inducers may decrease alafenamide levels
• CYP3A4 inhibitors may increase alafenamide levels
• Other medications that affect renal function may interact

Precautions

• Monitor renal function before and during treatment
• Assess for signs of liver toxicity
• Use caution in patients with a history of liver disease

Pregnancy

Use during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Data on human pregnancy are limited.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether alafenamide is excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when administered to breastfeeding women.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Oral tablet

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism of action for Hemi is not explicitly detailed in the available resources, but compounds with similar structure may act by modulating neurotransmitter levels, inhibiting enzymes, or affecting cellular signaling pathways.

Pharmacodynamics

Hemi may exhibit pharmacodynamic properties that include modulation of neural activity or inhibition of specific biochemical pathways. Its effects could be dose-dependent and vary based on the therapeutic context.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic profile of Hemi, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, is not well-documented in the provided resources. Generally, compounds in this class may undergo first-pass metabolism and have a variable half-life.

Indications

• Pain relief
• Management of inflammation
• Musculoskeletal disorders
• Postoperative pain
• Osteoarthritis

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations.

Adults: Refer to established guidelines or the BNF for specific dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

The precise mechanism of action of hemifumarate is not explicitly detailed in the available literature. However, compounds in this category typically exert their effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes, thereby reducing the synthesis of prostaglandins which play a key role in the inflammatory response and pain signaling pathways.

Pharmacodynamics

Hemifumarate demonstrates analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects that can provide relief from pain and swelling. The drug's efficacy is largely attributed to its ability to modulate the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway, leading to decreased levels of inflammatory mediators.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of hemifumarate may vary based on its formulation. Generally, such compounds are absorbed rapidly from the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations typically occurring within a few hours of administration. They are metabolized primarily in the liver and their elimination half-life can vary. Renal excretion is a significant pathway for the elimination of metabolites.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established; use with caution and only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether hemifumarate is excreted in human milk; use caution when administering to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• HIV infection
• Chronic hepatitis B

Dosage

Children: Refer to BNF for Children for specific pediatric dosing information.

Adults: Refer to BNF for specific dosing information.

Mechanism of action

Once tenofovir is activated by bi-phosphorylation, it functions as an antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonate. It inhibits viral reverse transcriptase, exhibiting an inhibitory constant of approximately 0.022 micromolar. Tenofovir competes with deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate to generate new viral DNA, leading to chain termination and inhibition of viral replication. Its safety profile is maintained due to its low affinity for cellular DNA polymerases, including mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma.

Pharmacodynamics

Tenofovir has demonstrated high efficacy in treatment-naive HIV patients, showing comparable effectiveness to efavirenz while exhibiting lower toxicity than some other antiretrovirals, such as stavudine. In patients with hepatitis B, tenofovir treatment has been associated with undetectable viral DNA levels after one year.

Pharmacokinetics

Tenofovir is absorbed after oral administration and is primarily eliminated by the kidneys. It has a half-life that allows for once-daily dosing and achieves therapeutic concentrations in plasma and tissues. The metabolism of tenofovir involves conversion to its active form, which is then incorporated into viral DNA, leading to its antiviral effects.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to tenofovir or any excipients in the formulation
• Severe renal impairment (CrCl < 30 mL/min) without appropriate dosage adjustment

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Renal impairment
• Bone density loss
• Lactic acidosis

Interactions

• Antiepileptics (carbamazepine, fosphenytoin, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone) with tenofovir alafenamide: Severe (decreases exposure)
• Tipranavir with tenofovir alafenamide: Severe (decreases exposure)
• Rifamycins with tenofovir alafenamide: Severe (decreases exposure)
• St John’s Wort with tenofovir alafenamide: Severe (decreases exposure)
• Fostemsavir with tenofovir disoproxil: Moderate (increases exposure)
• Fostemsavir with tenofovir alafenamide: Moderate (increases exposure)
• Ciclosporin with tenofovir alafenamide: Unknown (increases exposure)
• Ciclosporin with tenofovir disoproxil: Unknown (increases exposure)
• Eltrombopag with tenofovir alafenamide: Unknown (increases exposure)
• Eltrombopag with tenofovir disoproxil: Unknown (increases exposure)

Precautions

• Monitor renal function regularly during treatment
• Use with caution in patients with a history of renal disease
• Consider bone density monitoring in patients on long-term therapy

Pregnancy

Tenofovir is categorized as a pregnancy category B drug. Animal studies have not shown any harm, but human data is limited. Weigh risks and benefits when prescribing during pregnancy.

Breast-feeding

Tenofovir is excreted in breast milk, but the amount is considered low. The benefits of breastfeeding should be considered against the potential risk of HIV transmission.

Storage

Store at room temperature (20-25°C) in a tightly closed container. Keep away from light and moisture.

Mechanism of action

Once tenofovir is activated by a bi-phosphorylation it acts as an antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonate. It is a potent inhibitor of the viral reverse transcriptase with an inhibitory constant of approximately 0.022 micromolar. Once activated, tenofovir acts with different mechanisms including the inhibition of viral polymerase causing chain termination and the inhibition of viral synthesis. All these activities are attained by its competition with deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate in the generation of new viral DNA. Once tenofovir is incorporated in the chain, it induces a chain termination which in order inhibits viral replication. The safety of tenofovir relies on its low affinity towards the cellular DNA polymerase including the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma.

Pharmacodynamics

Tenofovir has been shown to be highly effective in patients that have never had an antiretroviral therapy and it seemed to have lower toxicity than other antivirals such as [stavudine]. In phase 3 clinical trials, tenofovir presented a similar efficacy than [efavirenz] in treatment-naive HIV patients. In hepatitis B infected patients, after one year of tenofovir treatment, the viral DNA levels were undetectable.