TASLY MISS BEE PROPOLIS 20ML SYRUP

Indications

• Pain relief
• Inflammatory conditions
• Dental applications
• Antifungal treatments
• Antioxidant support

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines for pediatric dosing as it may vary based on formulation and intended use.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines as dosing may vary based on formulation and intended use.

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism of action of eugenol is not fully understood. However, it has been shown to interrupt action potentials, contributing to its analgesic properties. Eugenol exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which release inflammatory mediators. Additionally, eugenol has demonstrated antioxidant activity, protecting cells from oxidative stress. It has been observed to inhibit the formation of malondialdehyde in irradiated thymocytes, suggesting a protective role against oxidative damage.

Pharmacodynamics

Eugenol exhibits several pharmacological properties, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, neuroprotective, antifungal, and antioxidant effects. Its ability to inhibit reactive oxygen species generation and modulate inflammatory mediators contributes to its therapeutic potential in managing pain and inflammation. The dose-dependent effects of eugenol on respiratory inhibition of mitochondria highlight its impact on cellular energy metabolism, further extending its pharmacodynamic profile.

Pharmacokinetics

Eugenol is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body following administration. It undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver, with various metabolic pathways including conjugation and oxidation. The elimination half-life and specific pharmacokinetic parameters can be influenced by the route of administration and individual patient factors. The exact pharmacokinetics of eugenol in humans require further elucidation through clinical studies.

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Skin irritation
• Allergic reactions

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with liver disease or gastrointestinal disorders.
• Caution is advised in patients who are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Pregnancy

Eugenol should be used with caution during pregnancy due to insufficient data on safety.

Breast-feeding

Eugenol is excreted in breast milk; caution is advised when administering to breastfeeding mothers.

Storage

Store in a tightly closed container, in a cool, dry place away from light.

Formulations

• Essential oil
• Topical preparations

Indications

• Support of immune function
• Wound healing
• Treatment of oral mucositis
• Relief of respiratory tract infections
• Antimicrobial therapy

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines as dosages can vary widely based on formulation and indication.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines as dosages can vary widely based on formulation and indication.

Mechanism of action

Propolis exerts its biological effects through various mechanisms, including modulation of the immune response, inhibition of microbial growth, and reduction of inflammation. It is known to contain flavonoids, phenolic acids, and other compounds that may contribute to its antimicrobial activity by disrupting microbial cell membranes and inhibiting key metabolic pathways.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of propolis involve its interaction with various biological systems. The flavonoids and phenolic compounds present in propolis can enhance the immune response, stimulate the production of immune cells, and exhibit antioxidant activity. Propolis has been shown to inhibit the activity of certain pathogens and modulate inflammatory pathways.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of propolis are not well-defined due to the variability in its composition and the forms in which it is administered. Generally, the absorption of propolis constituents occurs in the gastrointestinal tract when ingested. Its metabolites can be distributed throughout the body, and some components may be excreted unchanged in urine. The pharmacokinetic profile may vary depending on the formulation and dosage used.

Contra-indications

• Allergy to bee products
• Severe allergic reactions to propolis or similar substances

Adverse effects

• Allergic reactions
• Skin irritation
• Contact dermatitis
• Gastrointestinal discomfort

Interactions

• May interact with anticoagulants
• Potential interaction with immunosuppressants

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with asthma
• Caution in those with a history of allergies
• Not recommended for individuals with bee allergies

Pregnancy

Insufficient data on safety in pregnancy; consult a healthcare professional before use.

Breast-feeding

Limited information available; consult a healthcare professional before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Tincture
• Ointment
• Capsules
• Powder

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism of action of eugenol is unknown. However, eugenol has been shown to interrupt action potentials, which may be involved in its anti-pain activity. Research has also shown eugenol to have anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antipyretic, antioxidant, antifungal and analgesic properties. ... Thymocyte suspension was irradiated by gamma-rays, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) formation was measured with the thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) method. The results showed an increase in MDA in irradiated (2 Gy) thymocytes, which was inhibited in samples treated with increasing concentrations of eugenol (10-200 uM) prior to irradiation. The concentration of eugenol required to inhibit half of the MDA formation (IC(50)) in irradiated thymocytes was 100 uM. A dose-dependent increase in the generation of ROS was observed in irradiated thymocytes (0.5-200 cGy) as measured by 2,7-dichlorodihydro fluorescein diacetate (DCH-FDA), which was inhibited by eugenol administered before irradiation. Respiratory inhibition of isolated rat liver mitochondria by eugenol was dose related and uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation from electron transfer. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) play an important role in the modulation of inflammatory conditions in humans. PMNL cells recruited at the site of inflammation, release inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes, proteolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species. Among these, leukotrienes are implicated in pathophysiology of allergic and inflammatory disorders like asthma, allergic rhinitis, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme in biosynthetic pathway of leukotrienes. Our earlier studies showed that spice phenolic active principles significantly inhibit 5-LO enzyme in human PMNLs. In this study we have further characterized the inhibitory mechanism of eugenol, the active principle of spice-clove on 5-LO enzyme and also its effect on leukotriene C((4)) (LTC(4)). Substrate dependent enzyme kinetics showed that the inhibitory effect of eugenol on 5-LO was of a non-competitive nature. Further, eugenol was found to significantly inhibit the formation of LTC(4) in calcium ionophore A23187 and arachidonic acid (AA) stimulated PMNL cells. These data clearly suggest that eugenol inhibits 5-LO by non-competitive mechanism and also inhibits formation of LTC(4) in human PMNL cells and thus may have beneficial role in modulating 5-LO pathway in human PMNL cells. The Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel TMEM16A is involved in epithelial fluid secretion, smooth muscle contraction and neurosensory signaling. We identified a Thai herbal antidiarrheal formulation that inhibited TMEM16A Cl(-) conductance. C18-reversed-phase HPLC fractionation of the herbal formulation revealed >98% of TMEM16A inhibition activity in one out of approximately 20 distinct peaks. The purified, active compound was identified as eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol), the major component of clove oil. Eugenol fully inhibited TMEM16A Cl(-) conductance with single-site IC(50)~150 uM. Eugenol inhibition of TMEM16A in interstitial cells of Cajal produced strong inhibition of intestinal contraction in mouse ileal segments. TMEM16A Cl(-) channel inhibition adds to the list of eugenol molecular targets and may account for some of its biological activities. For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for EUGENOL (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.