Voluven emulsion

Indications

• Chronic constipation
• Occasional constipation
• Bowel preparation for diagnostic procedures

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for age-appropriate dosing information.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines or the BNF for detailed dosing information.

Mechanism of action

Polyethylene glycol acts as an osmotic agent in the gastrointestinal tract. It retains water in the lumen of the intestines through osmosis, leading to an increase in stool moisture and volume. This effect promotes peristalsis and facilitates bowel movements.

Pharmacodynamics

PEG is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, thereby acting locally within the intestines. Its osmotic effect draws water into the bowel, increasing the bulk of the stool and stimulating bowel motility. The drug is generally well tolerated, with minimal side effects compared to other laxatives.

Pharmacokinetics

Polyethylene glycol is characterized by its poor absorption. It remains in the gastrointestinal tract and is excreted unchanged in the feces. The onset of action can vary, typically occurring in 1 to 3 days after ingestion, depending on the dosage and individual patient factors.

Pregnancy

Poly is not recommended during pregnancy unless the potential benefits outweigh the risks. Consult a healthcare provider for individualized assessment.

Breast-feeding

Poly may be excreted in breast milk. Caution is advised when administering to nursing mothers, and a healthcare provider should be consulted.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Nutritional supplementation
• Energy source in enteral nutrition
• Excipient in pharmaceutical formulations

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific guidelines or product inserts for dosing information, as it can vary based on the context of use.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines or product inserts for dosing information, as it can vary based on the context of use.

Mechanism of action

Starch is broken down into glucose units by enzymes such as amylase during digestion. The glucose is then absorbed in the intestines and utilized for energy production in the body's cells. This pathway involves hydrolysis of the glycosidic bonds, converting starch into simpler sugars.

Pharmacodynamics

Starch primarily serves as an energy source. Its digestion and absorption lead to an increase in blood glucose levels, which provides energy for metabolic processes. In this context, it plays a crucial role in maintaining energy homeostasis in the body.

Pharmacokinetics

Starch is not absorbed in its polymeric form; it must first be enzymatically hydrolyzed into simpler sugars such as maltose and glucose. The digestion and absorption of starch occur predominantly in the small intestine, with glucose being readily absorbed into the bloodstream. The rate of absorption can vary depending on the type of starch and its physical form.

Adverse effects

• Allergic reactions
• Gastrointestinal discomfort
• Diarrhea
• Constipation

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with known allergies to starch or starch derivatives
• Monitor for gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with a history of digestive disorders

Pregnancy

Starch is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy. However, it should be consumed in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Breast-feeding

Starch is deemed safe for nursing mothers when used in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from moisture and direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Powder
• Granules
• Tablets
• Suspensions