AVIVAC® PM/SE/ST

Indications

• Salmonella enteritidis infection
• Foodborne illness
• Gastroenteritis

Dosage

Children: Dosage for children should be determined based on weight and severity of symptoms. Refer to pediatric guidelines for specific dosing recommendations.

Adults: Treatment may vary based on the severity of the infection and the susceptibility of the strain to antibiotics. Refer to local guidelines for appropriate therapeutic regimens.

Mechanism of action

Salmonella enteritidis invades the intestinal epithelial cells, leading to inflammation and disruption of the intestinal barrier. It utilizes various virulence factors, including invasion proteins, to facilitate its entry into host cells and evade the host's immune response. The bacteria can also induce apoptosis in host cells, contributing to tissue damage and diarrhea.

Pharmacodynamics

Enteritidis infections provoke an immune response characterized by the activation of neutrophils and macrophages, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This immune response is responsible for the clinical manifestations of the infection, including fever and diarrhea. The inflammatory response can also lead to fluid secretion in the intestines, exacerbating diarrhea.

Pharmacokinetics

As a bacterial pathogen, Enteritidis does not follow traditional pharmacokinetics associated with drugs. Instead, its survival and replication depend on its ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract and evade host immune mechanisms. Antibiotic treatment, if utilized, would depend on the sensitivity of the strain, with pharmacokinetic considerations being relevant to the chosen antimicrobial agents.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established. Use only if potential benefit justifies potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Caution is advised, as it is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct light. Maintain at room temperature unless otherwise specified.

Indications

• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Influenza
• Polio
• Rabies
• Typhoid fever

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines for paediatric dosing, as it varies by vaccine type and indication.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines for adult dosing, as it varies by vaccine type and indication.

Mechanism of action

Inactivated vaccines work by introducing a form of the pathogen that cannot cause disease into the body. This stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells specific to the pathogen, allowing for a robust immune response upon future exposure. The immune system recognizes the inactivated pathogen as foreign, leading to the activation of T-cells and B-cells, which are crucial for long-term immunity.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of inactivated vaccines involve the generation of an adaptive immune response. After vaccination, the body produces specific antibodies against the inactivated pathogen. The response typically includes both humoral immunity, characterized by antibody production, and cellular immunity, involving T-cell activation. The duration of immunity can vary, and booster doses may be required to maintain adequate protection.

Pharmacokinetics

Inactivated vaccines do not have a pharmacokinetic profile like traditional drugs since they do not enter systemic circulation in the same manner. Following administration, the vaccine components are taken up by antigen-presenting cells, which process and present the antigens to T-cells. The immune response is initiated locally at the site of injection and can be influenced by factors such as the route of administration and the presence of adjuvants that enhance the immune response.

Adverse effects

• Injection site reactions (pain, swelling, redness)
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Myalgia
• Chills

Precautions

• Assess for allergies to vaccine components
• Monitor for allergic reactions post-administration
• Consider underlying health conditions that may affect immune response

Pregnancy

Inactivated vaccines are generally considered safe during pregnancy, but individual risk-benefit assessment is recommended.

Breast-feeding

Inactivated vaccines can be administered during breastfeeding without concern for adverse effects in the infant.

Storage

Store in a refrigerator at 2°C to 8°C. Do not freeze.

Formulations

• Inactivated viral vaccines
• Inactivated bacterial vaccines

Indications

• Cellulitis
• Abscesses
• Respiratory infections
• Osteomyelitis
• Septic arthritis
• Endocarditis

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations tailored to pediatric patients.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines or the BNF for appropriate antibiotic dosing based on the type and severity of the infection.

Mechanism of action

Pasteurella multocida produces several virulence factors, including polysaccharide capsules that inhibit phagocytosis, endotoxins that can cause inflammation, and a range of enzymes that facilitate tissue invasion. Antibiotics effective against Pasteurella, such as beta-lactams, inhibit cell wall synthesis, leading to bacterial lysis and death.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of antibiotics used to treat infections caused by Pasteurella multocida are characterized by their ability to disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis, inhibit protein synthesis, or interfere with nucleic acid synthesis. The effectiveness of these antibiotics is influenced by factors such as the bacterial strain's susceptibility, the site of infection, and the host's immune response.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of antibiotics vary depending on the specific drug used to treat infections caused by Pasteurella multocida. Generally, antibiotics are absorbed and distributed throughout the body, with some achieving higher concentrations in tissues and fluids. Metabolism and excretion also vary; for instance, many beta-lactams are primarily excreted unchanged in the urine, necessitating dose adjustments in renal impairment.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established. Use only if the benefits outweigh the risks.

Breast-feeding

It is unknown whether this drug is excreted in human breast milk. Caution is advised when administering to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store at room temperature, protected from light and moisture. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Cellulitis
• Abscess formation
• Respiratory tract infections
• Septic arthritis
• Osteomyelitis
• Systemic infections following animal bites

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific antibiotic guidelines for dosing based on the type and severity of infection.

Adults: Refer to specific antibiotic guidelines for dosing based on the type and severity of infection.

Mechanism of action

Pasteurella multocida can cause disease by evading host immune responses and producing virulence factors like polysaccharide capsules, endotoxins, and enzymes that disrupt host cell functions. These mechanisms enable the bacteria to adhere to host tissues, invade cells, and evade phagocytosis, contributing to its pathogenicity.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of Pasteurella infections largely depend on the host's immune response and the antibiotics used for treatment. Pasteurella multocida is typically susceptible to a range of antibiotics, including beta-lactams, tetracyclines, and macrolides, but resistance can occur. Effective management of infections usually requires timely antibiotic therapy, particularly in cases of severe or systemic infection.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of antibiotics used to treat Pasteurella infections varies by drug. Generally, these antibiotics are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, distributed widely in body tissues, and excreted primarily via renal pathways. The choice of antibiotic and its dosing regimen will depend on the severity of the infection, the patient's renal function, and the specific antibiotic used.

Pregnancy

There are no well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Use only if clearly needed.

Breast-feeding

Caution should be exercised when administered to a nursing mother.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat.

Indications

• Salmonellosis
• Gastroenteritis
• Typhoid fever
• Paratyphoid fever

Dosage

Children: Refer to appropriate guidelines based on the severity of the infection and local antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.

Adults: Refer to appropriate guidelines based on the severity of the infection and local antimicrobial susceptibility patterns.

Mechanism of action

Salmonella bacteria invade the intestinal mucosa and evade the host's immune response. They utilize a type III secretion system to inject virulence factors into host cells, facilitating their entry and promoting inflammation. This invasion disrupts normal intestinal function, leading to diarrhea, abdominal pain, and systemic symptoms.

Pharmacodynamics

The pathogenicity of Salmonella is largely attributed to its ability to adhere to and invade host epithelial cells, triggering an inflammatory response. The bacteria can survive and replicate within macrophages, allowing them to disseminate systemically. The inflammatory response contributes to the clinical manifestations of the infection, including fever and diarrhea.

Pharmacokinetics

Salmonella does not have pharmacokinetics as it is a bacterial pathogen rather than a drug. However, the course of infection can be influenced by host factors, such as immune response and the presence of underlying health conditions. Antibiotic treatment may alter the natural course of infection and influence the duration and severity of symptoms.

Adverse effects

• Diarrhea
• Fever
• Abdominal cramps
• Nausea
• Vomiting

Precautions

• Ensure proper food handling and hygiene practices to prevent infection.
• Use caution in immunocompromised patients who may be at higher risk for severe disease.

Pregnancy

Salmonella infections during pregnancy can lead to complications such as miscarriage or premature labor. Caution is advised.

Breast-feeding

Salmonella can be transmitted through contaminated breast milk, though this is rare. Mothers should be cautious about food hygiene.