Bimat

Indications

• Seborrhoeic dermatitis
• Dandruff
• Scalp psoriasis
• Bacterial infections affecting the scalp

Dosage

Children: For children, apply 3 times a week for 1 week, then apply twice weekly as needed. Refer to BNF for Children for further details.

Adults: Apply to the affected area as directed, typically 1-3 times weekly depending on the condition being treated. Refer to specific product guidelines for detailed dosing.

Mechanism of action

Benzalkonium chloride exerts its antimicrobial effect by disrupting the cell membrane of microorganisms, leading to leakage of cellular contents and ultimately cell death. This is facilitated by its cationic nature, which allows it to bind to negatively charged bacterial surfaces.

Pharmacodynamics

Benzalkonium chloride demonstrates rapid bactericidal activity, with effectiveness observed against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and some viruses. Its antiseptic properties may be enhanced in the presence of moisture and are typically influenced by the concentration of the solution used.

Pharmacokinetics

Benzalkonium chloride is poorly absorbed through the skin. After topical application, it remains primarily at the site of application, where it exerts localized effects. Systemic absorption is minimal, and it is primarily eliminated through the skin and urine. However, specific pharmacokinetic data may vary based on formulation and application site.

Pregnancy

Benzalkonium chloride should be used with caution during pregnancy. Refer to specific guidelines or consult a healthcare professional.

Breast-feeding

Benzalkonium chloride should be used with caution while breastfeeding. Refer to specific guidelines or consult a healthcare professional.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Shampoo
• Soap or detergent
• Topical solution

Indications

• Open-angle glaucoma
• Ocular hypertension

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing information.

Adults: Apply one drop to the affected eye(s) once daily, preferably in the evening.

Mechanism of action

Bimatoprost mimics the actions of prostamides, specifically prostaglandin F2α, by enhancing the outflow of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral pathways. It decreases tonographic resistance to aqueous humor outflow without affecting its production, resulting in lowered intraocular pressure.

Pharmacodynamics

High intraocular pressure is a significant risk factor for glaucoma-related visual field loss, with a direct relationship between pressure levels and optic nerve damage risk. Bimatoprost effectively decreases intraocular pressure, mitigating the risk of visual impairment associated with ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Additionally, it can lead to notable changes in eyelid, iris, and eyelash pigmentation, especially if used unilaterally.

Pharmacokinetics

Bimatoprost is administered as eye drops and is rapidly absorbed into the ocular tissues. Following instillation, it exhibits a half-life that allows for once-daily dosing. Its metabolism occurs primarily in the liver, with subsequent excretion through urine. The drug's systemic absorption is minimal, which limits the potential for widespread adverse effects.

Contra-indications

• Angle-closure glaucoma
• Aphakia
• Asthma
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Adverse effects

• Increased pigmentation of the iris
• Increased eyelash growth
• Changes in eyelid pigmentation
• Ocular hyperemia
• Eye irritation
• Dry eyes
• Headache

Interactions

• Beta-blockers
• Non-selective beta-blockers

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment
• Use with caution in renal impairment
• Inform patients of potential changes in eye color and eyelash growth

Pregnancy

Manufacturer advises use only if potential benefit outweighs risk.

Breast-feeding

Manufacturer advises avoiding use as it is present in milk in animal studies.

Storage

Store at room temperature. Protect from light. Do not freeze.

Formulations

• Bimatoprost 100 micrograms/ml eye drops | 3 ml
• Bimatoprost 300 micrograms/ml eye drops | 0.4 ml unit dose preservative free
• Bimatoprost 300 micrograms/ml eye drops | 3 ml

Indications

• Disinfection of surfaces
• Antiseptic for skin
• Preservative in pharmaceuticals
• Treatment of minor cuts and abrasions

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations in pediatric populations.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific formulations and concentrations as doses may vary based on the application and preparation.

Mechanism of action

The bactericidal action of benzalkonium chloride is believed to result from the disruption of intermolecular interactions, which leads to the dissociation of cellular membrane lipid bilayers in bacteria. This disruption compromises cellular permeability, causing leakage of vital cellular contents. Moreover, the agent can deactivate important molecular complexes such as enzymes that regulate various respiratory and metabolic activities within the cells. Cationic surfactants like benzalkonium chloride can thus effectively disrupt critical intermolecular interactions and tertiary structures in biochemical systems, impairing bacterial function.

Pharmacodynamics

Benzalkonium chloride is classified as a biocidal agent with a relatively long duration of action. It exhibits a spectrum of activity against various microorganisms, including bacteria, certain viruses, fungi, and protozoa; however, it is ineffective against bacterial spores. The agent tends to demonstrate greater efficacy against gram-positive bacteria compared to gram-negative ones. The mode of action can be bacteriostatic (preventing growth) or bactericidal (killing bacteria), depending on its concentration. The activity of benzalkonium chloride is generally stable across different pH levels but is enhanced at elevated temperatures and with extended exposure.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic properties of benzalkonium chloride, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, are not fully characterized. Its topical application limits systemic exposure, and it primarily exerts localized effects at the site of application. The duration of action and efficacy may be influenced by the formulation and concentration used.

Pregnancy

Benzalkonium chloride is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy when applied topically, but systemic absorption should be minimized. Always consult a healthcare provider for use during pregnancy.

Breast-feeding

Benzalkonium chloride is considered safe for topical application during breastfeeding, but care should be taken to avoid exposure to the infant. Consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Keep in a tightly closed container, protected from light.

Formulations

• Topical solution
• Disinfectant wipes
• Liquid antiseptics

Indications

• Acidulant in food and beverages
• Preservative in pharmaceutical formulations
• pH adjuster in various chemical preparations

Dosage

Children: Refer to product-specific guidelines for appropriate dosing based on formulation and indication.

Adults: Refer to product-specific guidelines for appropriate dosing based on formulation and indication.

Mechanism of action

Citric acid acts by chelating metal ions, which can enhance the solubility of certain compounds and improve their bioavailability. It also contributes to the acidity of the environment, which can influence enzymatic activity and metabolic pathways, particularly in the degradation of citronellol.

Pharmacodynamics

Citric acid exhibits mild pharmacological effects primarily attributed to its role in metabolic processes. It aids in the regulation of pH levels, which can impact enzymatic reactions and biochemical pathways. The acid's chelating properties may help to reduce the toxicity of certain metal ions in biological systems.

Pharmacokinetics

Citric acid is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and is metabolized in the liver. It undergoes conversion to various metabolites in the citric acid cycle, contributing to energy production. The elimination primarily occurs through urine, with minimal accumulation in the body.

Pregnancy

Citric acid is generally regarded as safe during pregnancy when used in food amounts. However, consult a healthcare provider for advice on medicinal use.

Breast-feeding

Citric acid is considered safe during breastfeeding when consumed in food amounts. For medicinal use, consult a healthcare provider.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Adjustment of pH in pharmaceutical formulations
• Facilitation of drug absorption
• Used in sterile preparations

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing information, as hydrochloric acid is typically used in a controlled setting based on formulation requirements.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing information, as hydrochloric acid is typically used in a controlled setting based on formulation requirements.

Mechanism of action

Hydrochloric acid dissociates in aqueous solution to release hydrogen ions (H+), leading to a decrease in pH. This acidic environment promotes the activation of pepsinogen to pepsin, an enzyme essential for protein digestion. Additionally, the acidity aids in the absorption of certain minerals and drugs that require an acidic environment for optimal bioavailability.

Pharmacodynamics

The primary pharmacodynamic action of hydrochloric acid is the maintenance of gastric acidity, which is essential for normal digestive processes. The acidic environment helps in denaturing proteins, activating digestive enzymes, and providing a barrier against pathogenic microorganisms. Its effects can influence the absorption and efficacy of various medications, particularly those that are pH-dependent.

Pharmacokinetics

Hydrochloric acid does not undergo significant systemic absorption when used in its normal contexts, as it acts locally within the gastrointestinal tract. The amount of hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach varies with food intake and physiological needs. It is secreted by parietal cells in the gastric mucosa, and its secretion is regulated by neural, hormonal, and local factors. The half-life of hydrochloric acid is not applicable as it is continuously produced and neutralized within the gastrointestinal tract.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to hydrochloric acid or any of its components
• Severe renal impairment
• Active gastrointestinal bleeding

Adverse effects

• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Esophageal irritation
• Gastric mucosal irritation
• Electrolyte imbalances

Interactions

• May interact with alkaline substances, potentially neutralizing hydrochloric acid
• Caution with antacids as they may affect the efficacy of hydrochloric acid

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of gastritis or gastric ulcers
• Monitor electrolytes in prolonged use
• Use cautiously in patients with respiratory conditions due to potential aspiration risks

Pregnancy

Hydrochloric acid is classified as a category C drug. Use during pregnancy only if clearly needed and the potential benefits justify the risks to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

There is limited data on the excretion of hydrochloric acid in human milk. Use with caution during breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat. Ensure the container is tightly closed.

Formulations

• Oral solutions
• Injectable forms
• Tablets

Indications

• Oxidative stress-related conditions
• Inflammatory conditions
• Potential anti-aging applications
• Vascular health enhancement

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product formulations and guidelines, as dosing can vary based on the concentration of hydrogen in the product used.

Adults: Refer to specific product formulations and guidelines, as dosing can vary based on the concentration of hydrogen in the product used.

Mechanism of action

Molecular hydrogen acts primarily as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. It is believed to exert its beneficial effects through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway, which enhances the expression of antioxidant enzymes and protects cells from oxidative stress. Hydrogen-rich environments have been shown to mitigate the harmful effects of various toxins on human umbilical vein endothelial cells, thereby promoting vascular health and longevity.

Pharmacodynamics

Hydrogen's pharmacodynamic properties are linked to its role as a potent antioxidant, which reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulates inflammation. It has been documented to counteract cellular senescence in endothelial cells, thereby maintaining vascular integrity and promoting overall health. The long-lasting effects of hydrogen exposure can be observed even after its concentration in the medium has decreased, suggesting a sustained activation of protective cellular pathways.

Pharmacokinetics

Hydrogen is a gaseous molecule that diffuses rapidly across biological membranes. Its absorption and distribution in the body are influenced by the method of administration, with hydrogen-rich water being a common delivery form. Once in the bloodstream, hydrogen is quickly utilized by tissues, and its concentration diminishes rapidly, with a half-life that can vary based on conditions. The elimination of hydrogen primarily occurs via exhalation, making it a non-toxic molecule with a favorable safety profile.

Pregnancy

Hydrogen is generally considered safe during pregnancy, but it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider for specific recommendations.

Breast-feeding

Hydrogen is considered safe during breastfeeding, but as with any substance, it is recommended to discuss with a healthcare provider.

Storage

Hydrogen should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources, in appropriate gas cylinders designed for compressed gases.

Formulations

• Hydrogen gas (H2)
• Hydrogen-rich water

Mechanism of action

Hydrogenphosphate acts as a substrate for various enzymatic reactions where phosphate groups are transferred or incorporated into organic molecules. It is involved in metabolic pathways such as nicotine biosynthesis and NAD/NADH cycling, facilitating biochemical reactions that are vital for cellular function.

Pharmacodynamics

Hydrogenphosphate is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis. It regulates acid-base balance and is involved in energy metabolism. The phosphate groups it provides are integral to the structure and function of ATP, which is the primary energy currency of the cell. Additionally, hydrogenphosphate influences signal transduction pathways through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes.

Pharmacokinetics

Hydrogenphosphate is readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. Its elimination primarily occurs through renal excretion, where it is filtered and reabsorbed by the kidneys. The balance of hydrogenphosphate levels is tightly regulated by various physiological mechanisms to ensure proper metabolic function.

Pregnancy

There is limited information regarding the safety of hydrogenphosphate in pregnancy. Consult relevant guidelines and consider potential risks versus benefits.

Breast-feeding

Data on the excretion of hydrogenphosphate in human milk are not available. Caution is advised.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Ensure containers are tightly closed.

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific guidelines for pediatric dosing; consult the BNF for Children for accurate dosage information.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines for use; dosage may vary based on the context of use.

Mechanism of action

Hydroxide ions act primarily as bases, neutralizing acids to form water and salts. They participate in various biochemical pathways, including selenium metabolism and the degradation of reactive oxygen species. Hydroxide can influence enzyme activity and stability by altering the pH of the environment, thereby affecting metabolic reactions.

Pharmacodynamics

Hydroxide ions can impact biological processes by changing the local pH, which influences enzyme activity, ion transport, and the solubility of other compounds. Their ability to neutralize acids can help regulate physiological pH, contributing to homeostasis in living organisms.

Pharmacokinetics

As an inorganic ion, hydroxide does not undergo traditional pharmacokinetic processes like absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion. Instead, it is rapidly equilibrated in biological fluids and participates in acid-base reactions, having immediate effects on the local environment.

Pregnancy

There is limited information regarding the use of hydroxide during pregnancy. Consult a healthcare professional for advice.

Breast-feeding

Limited data is available on the excretion of hydroxide in breast milk. Consult a healthcare professional before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Pain management
• Vaccination
• Antibiotic therapy
• Hormonal therapies
• Anesthesia
• Nutritional support
• Chemotherapy

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific drug guidelines for paediatric dosing, as it requires careful consideration of weight and age.

Adults: Refer to specific drug guidelines for adult dosing, as it varies widely depending on the medication and clinical condition.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of injected drugs varies widely based on the specific medication being administered. Generally, injected drugs enter the bloodstream directly, allowing them to circulate rapidly throughout the body. For instance, antibiotics may work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, while analgesics may modulate pain pathways in the central nervous system. Each drug has unique pathways through which it achieves its therapeutic effects.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics refers to the effects of drugs on the body and their mechanisms of action. For injectable medications, effects can be immediate or delayed, depending on the drug's formulation and route of administration. Factors influencing pharmacodynamics include receptor affinity, drug concentration, and the presence of other substances that may enhance or inhibit the drug's effects. For example, some injectable drugs may require specific receptors to exert their effects, while others may have a broader range of action.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics involves the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of injected drugs. After administration, drugs are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream, leading to quick therapeutic effects. The distribution depends on factors such as blood flow, tissue permeability, and protein binding. Drugs are metabolized primarily in the liver and excreted through the kidneys or bile. The pharmacokinetic profile can vary widely based on the drug's chemical nature, dosage, and individual patient factors.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy depends on the specific injection and its active ingredients. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for guidance.

Breast-feeding

The safety of injections during breastfeeding varies by the specific medication. It is recommended to seek advice from a healthcare provider.

Storage

Store injections as per manufacturer's guidelines, usually in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Some may require refrigeration.

Indications

• Hormone replacement therapy
• Pain management
• Chronic disease management
• Certain psychiatric conditions
• Hormonal imbalance

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product information and guidelines, as dosing will vary based on the active ingredient and clinical indication.

Adults: Refer to specific product information and guidelines, as dosing will vary based on the active ingredient and clinical indication.

Mechanism of action

Pellets can contain various active pharmaceutical ingredients that may act through different mechanisms. For example, hormone pellets release hormones such as testosterone or estrogen into the bloodstream, where they bind to specific receptors to exert their physiological effects. The controlled release mechanism allows for a gradual increase in hormone levels, mimicking the body's natural secretion patterns.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of pellets depend on the active ingredients contained within them. For hormone pellets, the effects can include modulation of reproductive processes, alleviation of menopausal symptoms, or enhancement of muscle mass and strength in the case of testosterone. The controlled release mechanism helps maintain therapeutic levels of the drug in the plasma, which can lead to more stable and effective treatment outcomes.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of pellets vary based on the specific drug formulation. Generally, after administration, pellets dissolve or disintegrate, allowing the active ingredient to be absorbed into the bloodstream. The rate of absorption and the time to peak plasma concentration will depend on the pellet's composition, the solubility of the drug, and the physiological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract or the application site. The half-life of the drug will also influence the dosing schedule and the duration of action.

Pregnancy

Safety in pregnancy has not been established. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when administering to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Hypertension
• Heart failure
• Pulmonary arterial hypertension
• Cardiovascular diseases

Dosage

Children: Refer to pediatric dosing guidelines and clinical protocols for appropriate dosing in children.

Adults: Refer to clinical guidelines and specific product information for dosing recommendations, as this may vary based on the indication and patient condition.

Mechanism of action

USNP acts as an antagonist at the urotensin II receptor, inhibiting the actions of urotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor and regulator of cardiovascular function. This blockade leads to vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure.

Pharmacodynamics

By antagonizing the urotensin II receptor, USNP decreases vascular resistance and promotes an increase in cardiac output. This results in improved blood flow and reduced strain on the heart. Additionally, it may have beneficial effects on the remodeling of cardiac tissue and the overall cardiovascular system.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of USNP include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics that are currently being studied. Preliminary data suggest that after administration, USNP is rapidly absorbed and widely distributed in body tissues. It is metabolized primarily in the liver, and its metabolites are excreted via the kidneys. The half-life and specific elimination pathways are still under investigation.

Pregnancy

Safety in pregnancy has not been established, consult healthcare professional.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding has not been established, consult healthcare professional.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat.

Mechanism of action

Bimatoprost imitates the effects of prostamides, specifically prostaglandin F2α. Bimatoprost mildly stimulates aqueous humor outflow, relieving elevated intraocular pressure and decreasing the risk of optic nerve damage. It is thought that bimatoprost reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) in humans by causing an increase in outflow of the aqueous humor via the trabecular meshwork and uveoscleral pathways. It achieves the above effects by decreasing tonographic resistance to aqueous humor outflow. Bimatoprost does not affect aqueous humor production.

Pharmacodynamics

High intraocular pressure is a major risk factor for glaucoma-related visual field loss. A linear relationship exists between intraocular pressure and the risk of damaging the optic nerve, which can lead to considerable visual impairment. Therefore, conditions such as ocular hypertension and glaucoma can cause dangerous elevations of intraocular pressure. Bimatoprost rapidly decreases intraocular pressure and reduces the risk for visual field loss from ocular hypertension due to various causes. Other effects of this drug may include gradual changes in eyelid pigmentation, changes in iris pigmentation, changes in eyelash pigmentation, growth and thickness. Patients should be informed of these possible effects, especially if this drug is only administered to one eye, which may noticeably change in appearance with bimatoprost treatment.

Mechanism of action

Although not entirely elucidated, the bactericidal action of benzalkonium chloride is believed to be due to the disruption of intermolecular interactions. Such disruption can cause the dissociation of cellular membrane lipid bilayers of bacteria, resulting in compromised cellular permeability control and the leakage of important cellular contents. Additionally, other important molecular complexes like enzymes which control the maintenance of a great range of respiratory and metabolic cellular activities, are also susceptible to such deactivation. Consequently, a variety of critical intermolecular interactions and tertiary structures in very highly specific biochemical systems that allow bacterial agents to function normally can be readily disrupted or deactivated by cationic surfactants like benzalkonium chloride..

Pharmacodynamics

Benzalkonium chloride solutions are generally categorized as biocidal agents with relative long durations of action. Their spectrum of activity has been demonstrated against bacteria, to some viruses, fungi, and protozoa, although bacterial spores are treated as being resistant to the agent. Additionally, the agent generally shows more activity against gram-positive than gram-negative bacteria. Finally, solutions of benzalkonium chloride are bacteriostatic or bactericidal based on their concentration. Bacteriostatic agents act to prevent further growth of bacterial organisms that are present while bactericidal agents function to kill bacteria that are present. In general, the activity of the agent is not largely affected by pH, but such activity does increase substantially at higher temperatures and prolonged exposure times.

Mechanism of action

Substantial evidence indicates that molecular hydrogen (H2) has beneficial vascular effects because of its antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, hydrogen-rich water may prove to be an effective anti-aging drink. This study examined the effects of H2 on endothelial senescence and clarified the mechanisms involved. Hydrogen-rich medium was produced by a high-purity hydrogen gas generator. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) for various time periods in normal or hydrogen-rich medium. The baseline H2concentration in hydrogen-rich medium was 0.55 +/- 0.07 mmol/L. This concentration gradually decreased, and H2 was almost undetectable in medium after 12 hr. At 24 hr after TCDD exposure, HUVECs treated with TCDD exhibited increased 8OHdG and acetyl-p53 expression, decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))/NADH ratio, impaired Sirt1 activity, and enhanced senescence-associated beta-galactosidase. However, HUVECs incubated in hydrogen-rich medium did not exhibit these TCDD-induced changes accompanying Nrf2 activation, which was observed even after H2 was undetectable in the medium. Chrysin, an inhibitor of Nrf2, abolished the protective effects of H2 on HUVECs. H2 has long-lasting antioxidant and anti-aging effects on vascular endothelial cells through the Nrf2 pathway, even after transient exposure to H2. Hydrogen-rich water may thus be a functional drink that increases longevity. /Hydrogen-rich water/ Amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides are identified /as a/ cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous evidence suggests Abeta-induced neurotoxicity is linked to the stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The accumulation of Abeta-induced ROS leads to increased mitochondrial dysfunction and triggers apoptotic cell death. This suggests antioxidant therapies may be beneficial for preventing ROS-related diseases such as AD. Recently, hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has been proven effective in treating oxidative stress-induced disorders because of its ROS-scavenging abilities. However, the precise molecular mechanisms whereby HRW prevents neuronal death are still unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the putative pathways by which HRW protects against Abeta-induced cytotoxicity /in SK-N-MC cells/. Our results indicated that HRW directly counteracts oxidative damage by neutralizing excessive ROS, leading to the alleviation of Abeta-induced cell death. In addition, HRW also stimulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in a sirtuin 1 (Sirt1)-dependent pathway, which upregulates forkhead box protein O3a (FoxO3a) downstream antioxidant response and diminishes Abeta-induced mitochondrial potential loss and oxidative stress. Taken together, our findings suggest that HRW may have potential therapeutic value to inhibit Abeta-induced neurotoxicity. /Hydrogen-rich water/ The NLRP3 inflammasome, an intracellular multi-protein complex controlling the maturation of cytokine interleukin-1beta, plays an important role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cascades. Recently, the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in macrophages stimulated with LPS has been suggested to act as a trigger during the process of NLRP3 inflammasome activation that can be blocked by some mitochondria-targeted antioxidants. Known as a ROS scavenger, molecular hydrogen (H2) has been shown to possess therapeutic benefit on LPS-induced inflammatory damage in many animal experiments. Due to the unique molecular structure, H2 can easily target the mitochondria, suggesting that H2 is a potential antagonist of mtROS-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Here we have showed that, in mouse macrophages, H2 exhibited substantial inhibitory activity against LPS-initiated NLRP3 inflammasome activation by scavenging mtROS. Moreover, the elimination of mtROS by H2 resultantly inhibited mtROS-mediated NLRP3 deubi