BRUTAFLAM-90

Indications

• Dry eye conditions
• Tear deficiency
• Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Dosage

Children: Apply as required, typically in the form of eye drops.

Adults: Apply as required, typically in the form of eye drops.

Mechanism of action

Hypromellose acts by forming a viscous gel upon contact with the ocular surface, which helps to retain moisture and protect against irritants. This gel-like property enhances the stability of the tear film and reduces evaporation, thereby alleviating symptoms associated with dry eye conditions.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of hypromellose are primarily related to its ability to mimic natural tears, providing lubrication to the ocular surface. This lubrication reduces friction during blinking and maintains corneal hydration, which is critical for ocular comfort and health. Its high viscosity also contributes to prolonged retention time on the eye surface.

Pharmacokinetics

Hypromellose is administered topically as eye drops and is not significantly absorbed systemically. The retention time of hypromellose on the ocular surface is enhanced due to its viscosity, allowing for extended relief of dry eye symptoms. The elimination of hypromellose occurs primarily through drainage from the eye and dilution by the natural tear fluid.

Adverse effects

• Temporary visual disturbance
• Eye irritation

Precautions

• Should not be used during contact lens wear
• Use with caution in patients with known hypersensitivity to any component of the formulation

Pregnancy

Hypromellose is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy. However, it should be used only if clearly needed and after consulting a healthcare provider.

Breast-feeding

Hypromellose is unlikely to affect breastfed infants when used as directed, but consultation with a healthcare provider is advisable.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Once opened, use within a specified period as indicated on the packaging.

Formulations

• {'name': 'Teardew', 'concentration': '0.3%', 'form': 'eye drops', 'volume': '10 ml'}
• {'name': 'Xailin Hydrate', 'concentration': '0.3%', 'form': 'eye drops', 'volume': '10 ml'}
• {'name': 'AacuLose', 'concentration': '0.3%', 'form': 'eye drops', 'volume': '10 ml'}
• {'name': 'Artelac', 'concentration': '0.32%', 'form': 'eye drops', 'volume': '10 ml'}
• {'name': 'Lacrilube', 'concentration': '2 mg/g', 'form': 'eye ointment', 'volume': '3.5 g'}
• {'name': 'Celluvisc', 'concentration': '1%', 'form': 'eye drops', 'volume': '0.4 ml unit dose'}

Indications

• Dry eye conditions
• Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
• Unstable tear film

Dosage

Children: Apply 3–4 times a day or when required to the eye.

Adults: Apply 3–4 times a day or when required to the eye.

Mechanism of action

Carmellose sodium acts as a viscosity-increasing agent, providing lubrication and hydration. It works by creating a gel-like consistency that mimics natural tears, thus improving moisture retention on the ocular surface. This action alleviates dryness and irritation in the eyes.

Pharmacodynamics

Carmellose sodium exhibits mucomimetic properties, which means it has the ability to mimic natural mucus in the eye. Its effectiveness in reducing symptoms of dryness is attributed to its ability to increase tear film stability and provide a protective barrier against environmental irritants. It does not have systemic effects as it is used topically.

Pharmacokinetics

Carmellose sodium is administered topically and is not absorbed systemically, making its pharmacokinetics primarily local. The onset of action is rapid, providing immediate relief for dry eye symptoms. The duration of action depends on factors such as the formulation and frequency of administration. Due to its high molecular weight, it remains on the ocular surface for an extended period, ensuring prolonged lubrication.

Adverse effects

• Transient blurred vision
• Eye irritation
• Allergic reactions

Precautions

• Consult a healthcare professional if symptoms persist
• Avoid contact with the tip of the dropper to prevent contamination

Pregnancy

Carmellose sodium is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy. However, consult a healthcare provider for personalized advice.

Breast-feeding

Carmellose sodium is not known to pose a risk during breastfeeding, but it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Carmize 0.5% eye drops
• Carmize 1% eye drops
• Cellusan 0.5% eye drops
• Celluvisc 0.5% eye drops
• Liquivisc 0.25% eye gel
• Ocu-Lube Carmellose 0.5% eye drops
• Tearvis 0.5% eye drops

Indications

• Pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders
• Acute gout
• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Ankylosing spondylitis

Dosage

Children: For children aged 16-17 years, the recommended dose is 120 mg once daily for a maximum of 8 days.

Adults: 120 mg once daily for a maximum of 8 days.

Mechanism of action

Etoricoxib selectively inhibits isoform 2 of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme (COX-2), preventing the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PGs), which are mediators of inflammation and pain. This selective inhibition results in reduced inflammatory responses without significantly affecting the COX-1 pathway, which is important for maintaining gastrointestinal mucosal integrity.

Pharmacodynamics

Etoricoxib exhibits a high selectivity for COX-2, being about 106 times more selective for COX-2 than for COX-1. This selective action minimizes the gastrointestinal side effects commonly associated with non-selective NSAIDs, as COX-1 plays a protective role in the gastric mucosa. Etoricoxib provides analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects by lowering prostaglandin levels involved in the inflammatory process.

Pharmacokinetics

Etoricoxib is well-absorbed following oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations typically occurring about 1 to 2 hours after ingestion. The drug has a half-life of approximately 22 hours, allowing for once-daily dosing. It is extensively metabolized in the liver, primarily via CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 pathways, and is excreted mainly through urine as metabolites. The presence of food does not significantly affect its absorption.

Contra-indications

• Active gastrointestinal bleeding
• Active gastrointestinal ulceration
• Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs)
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Uncontrolled hypertension (persistently above 140/90 mmHg)
• Severe renal failure
• Hypersensitivity to aspirin or other NSAIDs
• Ischaemic heart disease
• Active inflammatory bowel disease

Adverse effects

• Hypertension
• Fluid retention
• Gastrointestinal discomfort
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Chest pain
• Heart failure
• Palpitations
• Skin reactions
• Malaise
• Nephrotoxicity
• Insomnia
• Anemia
• Visual impairment
• Aseptic meningitis
• Tinnitus

Interactions

• Increased exposure when used with combined hormonal contraceptives
• Increased exposure when used with hormone replacement therapy
• May interact with other NSAIDs

Precautions

• Caution in patients with cardiac impairment
• Caution in patients with renal impairment
• Dehydration risk
• Caution in patients with allergic disorders
• May mask symptoms of infection

Pregnancy

Avoid unless the potential benefit outweighs the risk, especially during the third trimester due to risk of closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus.

Breast-feeding

Use with caution during breastfeeding; the manufacturer advises avoiding use if possible.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight, and out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Modified-release tablet
• Dispersible tablet
• Oral suspension
• Oral solution

Indications

• Dry eye syndrome
• Ocular lubrication
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Topical applications (as a lubricant or protectant)

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific formulation guidelines for recommended dosages, as doses vary widely depending on the formulation and intended use.

Adults: Refer to specific formulation guidelines for recommended dosages, as doses vary widely depending on the formulation and intended use.

Mechanism of action

Carmellose works by increasing the viscosity of solutions and forming a gel-like consistency when mixed with water. This property allows it to act as a lubricant and protectant, particularly in formulations designed for ocular or gastrointestinal use. The water-binding capacity of carmellose helps to retain moisture in tissues, which can be beneficial in treating dryness.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic properties of carmellose are primarily related to its ability to modify the physical properties of solutions and suspensions. It does not exert specific pharmacological effects but rather enhances the bioavailability and stability of active ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations. Its hydrophilic nature allows it to hold water and improve the consistency of products, thus facilitating drug delivery and absorption.

Pharmacokinetics

Carmellose is not absorbed systemically when administered orally, as it is primarily used as an excipient. It passes through the gastrointestinal tract without significant metabolism. The elimination half-life is not applicable, as it does not enter systemic circulation. Its effects are localized to the site of application or ingestion, where it acts as a bulking agent or thickener.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal discomfort
• Bloating
• Diarrhea

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with gastrointestinal disorders
• Monitor for hypersensitivity reactions

Pregnancy

Carmellose is generally considered safe during pregnancy, but it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Carmellose is considered safe for use during breastfeeding, but it is recommended to seek advice from a healthcare professional.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Powder
• Tablet
• Capsule
• Suspension

Indications

• Constipation
• Dietary fiber supplementation
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Diverticular disease
• Weight management

Dosage

Children: Refer to appropriate guidelines for specific dosage; generally taken with adequate fluid intake.

Adults: Refer to appropriate guidelines for specific dosage; generally taken with adequate fluid intake.

Mechanism of action

Cellulose acts primarily as a bulk-forming laxative. It absorbs water in the intestines, which increases stool bulk and stimulates peristalsis, thus facilitating bowel movements. Additionally, cellulose is not digestible by human enzymes, leading to fermentation by gut bacteria, which may enhance gut health and alter gut microbiota composition.

Pharmacodynamics

Cellulose increases stool weight and frequency of bowel movements. It works by retaining water in the intestines, leading to softer stools and improved passage through the gastrointestinal tract. The bulking effect of cellulose can help alleviate constipation and promote overall digestive health. It may also play a role in cholesterol reduction and glycemic control through its effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Pharmacokinetics

Cellulose is not absorbed into the bloodstream due to its indigestible nature. Instead, it passes through the gastrointestinal tract, where it adds bulk to the stool. Its fermentation by colonic bacteria produces short-chain fatty acids, which may have beneficial effects on colon health. The onset of action for cellulose as a laxative can vary but is generally within 24 to 72 hours after ingestion.

Adverse effects

• Bloating
• Flatulence
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal discomfort

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of gastrointestinal disorders.
• Monitor for potential allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.

Pregnancy

Cellulose is generally considered safe during pregnancy as it is a non-toxic, indigestible fiber.

Breast-feeding

Cellulose is also considered safe during breastfeeding; it is excreted in breast milk in negligible amounts.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Powder
• Capsules
• Tablets
• Granules

Pregnancy

There is limited data on the safety of color additives during pregnancy. Use only if clearly needed and after consultation with a healthcare provider.

Breast-feeding

The safety of color additives during breastfeeding is not well studied. Use with caution and consult a healthcare provider.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Allergic rhinitis
• Common cold
• Sinusitis
• Seasonal allergies
• Nasal congestion

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product formulations and BNF for Children for appropriate dosing in children, as it varies based on age and weight.

Adults: Refer to specific product formulations for dosing instructions, as they can vary by manufacturer and formulation.

Mechanism of action

The antihistamine component works by blocking histamine H1 receptors, which helps alleviate allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itching, and runny nose. The decongestant acts on adrenergic receptors in the nasal mucosa, causing vasoconstriction and reducing nasal congestion. Analgesic components help relieve pain by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins in the central nervous system.

Pharmacodynamics

The combination of antihistamine and decongestant provides a synergistic effect, offering relief from multiple symptoms associated with colds and allergies. The antihistamine reduces allergic reactions and their symptoms, while the decongestant improves airflow through the nasal passages. The analgesic component alleviates discomfort, enhancing the overall therapeutic effect of the drug.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption rates can vary based on the specific formulations of the drug. Typically, antihistamines are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 1 to 3 hours. Decongestants may have variable bioavailability depending on the route of administration. Metabolism mainly occurs in the liver, and elimination half-lives can range from a few hours to several hours depending on the specific agents included. Renal excretion plays a significant role in the clearance of these drugs.

Pregnancy

Safety in pregnancy has not been established. Use only if clearly needed and the benefits outweigh the risks.

Breast-feeding

Data is limited; use caution and consider the potential risks versus benefits.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Oxidative stress-related conditions
• Inflammatory conditions
• Potential anti-aging applications
• Vascular health enhancement

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product formulations and guidelines, as dosing can vary based on the concentration of hydrogen in the product used.

Adults: Refer to specific product formulations and guidelines, as dosing can vary based on the concentration of hydrogen in the product used.

Mechanism of action

Molecular hydrogen acts primarily as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. It is believed to exert its beneficial effects through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway, which enhances the expression of antioxidant enzymes and protects cells from oxidative stress. Hydrogen-rich environments have been shown to mitigate the harmful effects of various toxins on human umbilical vein endothelial cells, thereby promoting vascular health and longevity.

Pharmacodynamics

Hydrogen's pharmacodynamic properties are linked to its role as a potent antioxidant, which reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulates inflammation. It has been documented to counteract cellular senescence in endothelial cells, thereby maintaining vascular integrity and promoting overall health. The long-lasting effects of hydrogen exposure can be observed even after its concentration in the medium has decreased, suggesting a sustained activation of protective cellular pathways.

Pharmacokinetics

Hydrogen is a gaseous molecule that diffuses rapidly across biological membranes. Its absorption and distribution in the body are influenced by the method of administration, with hydrogen-rich water being a common delivery form. Once in the bloodstream, hydrogen is quickly utilized by tissues, and its concentration diminishes rapidly, with a half-life that can vary based on conditions. The elimination of hydrogen primarily occurs via exhalation, making it a non-toxic molecule with a favorable safety profile.

Pregnancy

Hydrogen is generally considered safe during pregnancy, but it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider for specific recommendations.

Breast-feeding

Hydrogen is considered safe during breastfeeding, but as with any substance, it is recommended to discuss with a healthcare provider.

Storage

Hydrogen should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources, in appropriate gas cylinders designed for compressed gases.

Formulations

• Hydrogen gas (H2)
• Hydrogen-rich water

Mechanism of action

Hydrogenphosphate acts as a substrate for various enzymatic reactions where phosphate groups are transferred or incorporated into organic molecules. It is involved in metabolic pathways such as nicotine biosynthesis and NAD/NADH cycling, facilitating biochemical reactions that are vital for cellular function.

Pharmacodynamics

Hydrogenphosphate is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis. It regulates acid-base balance and is involved in energy metabolism. The phosphate groups it provides are integral to the structure and function of ATP, which is the primary energy currency of the cell. Additionally, hydrogenphosphate influences signal transduction pathways through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes.

Pharmacokinetics

Hydrogenphosphate is readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. Its elimination primarily occurs through renal excretion, where it is filtered and reabsorbed by the kidneys. The balance of hydrogenphosphate levels is tightly regulated by various physiological mechanisms to ensure proper metabolic function.

Pregnancy

There is limited information regarding the safety of hydrogenphosphate in pregnancy. Consult relevant guidelines and consider potential risks versus benefits.

Breast-feeding

Data on the excretion of hydrogenphosphate in human milk are not available. Caution is advised.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Ensure containers are tightly closed.

Indications

• Used as an excipient in tablet formulations
• Used as a bulking agent in capsule formulations
• Used in food products as a thickener or stabilizer

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines as dosage will depend on the formulation and the active ingredients.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines as dosage will depend on the formulation and the active ingredients.

Mechanism of action

Microcrystalline cellulose acts as a non-digestible filler that enhances the flow properties of powders during the manufacturing of tablets and capsules. It does not have a direct pharmacological action on the body but ensures that the active ingredients are effectively delivered to the patient.

Pharmacodynamics

As a non-active ingredient, microcrystalline cellulose does not exert pharmacodynamic effects typical of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Its primary role is to provide a stable and consistent matrix for the drug, facilitating the release of the active compound once ingested.

Pharmacokinetics

Microcrystalline cellulose is not absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract; it passes through the digestive system largely unchanged. It adds bulk to the stool, which may aid in promoting regular bowel movements. The substance is excreted in feces, where it contributes to dietary fiber intake.

Pregnancy

Data regarding the use of microcrystalline cellulose during pregnancy is limited. It is advisable to consult with healthcare professionals before use.

Breast-feeding

Microcrystalline cellulose is considered safe during breastfeeding, as it is not absorbed systemically.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture.

Indications

• Tablet coating
• Granule coating
• Improvement of drug stability
• Taste masking
• Aesthetic enhancement of pharmaceuticals

Dosage

Children: Dosage will depend on the specific formulation and active ingredients of the medication being coated. Refer to the specific product information for guidance.

Adults: Dosage will depend on the specific formulation and active ingredients of the medication being coated. Refer to the specific product information for guidance.

Mechanism of action

Opadry functions primarily as a coating polymer that adheres to the surface of tablets or granules, creating a protective layer. This layer can control the release of the active ingredient and protect it from environmental factors such as moisture and light. The specific composition of Opadry can vary, but it typically includes film-forming agents, plasticizers, and colorants that work together to achieve the desired coating characteristics.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of Opadry is largely focused on its physical and chemical properties rather than specific biological interactions. The coating alters the dissolution characteristics of the drug, potentially leading to modified release profiles. This can enhance drug bioavailability or control the release rate of the active ingredient, thereby impacting the therapeutic effect.

Pharmacokinetics

As a coating agent, Opadry itself is not absorbed into the systemic circulation and does not have pharmacokinetic properties related to absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Its impact on pharmacokinetics is indirect, as it affects how the active drug is released and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.

Pregnancy

Opadry is a film-coating agent, and specific studies on its effects during pregnancy are not well-documented. Generally, it is advisable to use medications cautiously during pregnancy. Consult a healthcare provider for guidance.

Breast-feeding

Limited data are available regarding the safety of Opadry during breastfeeding. It is recommended to consult a healthcare provider before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Opadry OY - a coating system for oral solid dosage forms
• Opadry II - a polymer-based coating system for tablet and capsule applications

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific drug formulations and product labels as purified substances can vary widely in their use and dosing.

Adults: Refer to specific drug formulations and product labels as purified substances can vary widely in their use and dosing.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action for purified compounds varies widely depending on the specific substance. Generally, purified drugs exert their effects by interacting with specific biological targets, such as receptors, enzymes, or ion channels, leading to a desired therapeutic effect. This interaction can involve binding to receptors to activate or inhibit signaling pathways, modulating enzymatic activity, or altering physiological processes.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics describes the effects of a drug on the body and the relationship between drug concentration and effect. For purified drugs, this can involve dose-response relationships and the time course of their action. The purified form often enhances potency and reduces variability in response among patients, which can lead to more predictable therapeutic outcomes. The overall effect is determined by the drug's affinity for its target, the efficacy of the drug-receptor interaction, and the downstream signaling pathways activated as a result of this interaction.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics involves the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of a drug. For purified substances, absorption can be more efficient due to the absence of impurities that may affect solubility or stability. Distribution may also be enhanced, leading to higher bioavailability. Metabolism can be influenced by the structure of the purified compound, as it may be metabolized more readily by liver enzymes. Excretion typically occurs through the kidneys or liver, depending on the molecular characteristics of the purified drug.

Pregnancy

Consult with a healthcare professional, as the safety of purified forms of medications during pregnancy may vary depending on the specific substance.

Breast-feeding

Consult with a healthcare professional, as the safety of purified forms of medications during breastfeeding may vary depending on the specific substance.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from light and moisture, and keep out of reach of children.

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate paediatric dosing information.

Adults: Refer to the specific BNF guidelines for dosing information as it may vary based on the condition being treated.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action for White involves its interaction with specific biological pathways, leading to the desired pharmacological effects. The precise pathways may include modulation of receptor activity or alteration of enzyme function, although specific details are not provided.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics of White includes its effects on the body, including therapeutic effects and potential side effects. As a compound, it may exert its influence on multiple physiological systems, which can lead to changes in symptoms or disease progression.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics of White involves its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Understanding these parameters can help predict how the drug behaves in the body, including onset of action and duration of effect. Detailed pharmacokinetic data is not specified.

Mechanism of action

Like any other COX-2 selective inhibitor Etoricoxib selectively inhibits isoform 2 of cyclo-oxigenase enzyme (COX-2), preventing production of prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid.

Pharmacodynamics

Etoricoxib is a COX-2 selective inhibitor (approximately 106 times more selective for COX-2 inhibition over COX-1).

Mechanism of action

Substantial evidence indicates that molecular hydrogen (H2) has beneficial vascular effects because of its antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, hydrogen-rich water may prove to be an effective anti-aging drink. This study examined the effects of H2 on endothelial senescence and clarified the mechanisms involved. Hydrogen-rich medium was produced by a high-purity hydrogen gas generator. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) for various time periods in normal or hydrogen-rich medium. The baseline H2concentration in hydrogen-rich medium was 0.55 +/- 0.07 mmol/L. This concentration gradually decreased, and H2 was almost undetectable in medium after 12 hr. At 24 hr after TCDD exposure, HUVECs treated with TCDD exhibited increased 8OHdG and acetyl-p53 expression, decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))/NADH ratio, impaired Sirt1 activity, and enhanced senescence-associated beta-galactosidase. However, HUVECs incubated in hydrogen-rich medium did not exhibit these TCDD-induced changes accompanying Nrf2 activation, which was observed even after H2 was undetectable in the medium. Chrysin, an inhibitor of Nrf2, abolished the protective effects of H2 on HUVECs. H2 has long-lasting antioxidant and anti-aging effects on vascular endothelial cells through the Nrf2 pathway, even after transient exposure to H2. Hydrogen-rich water may thus be a functional drink that increases longevity. /Hydrogen-rich water/ Amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides are identified /as a/ cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous evidence suggests Abeta-induced neurotoxicity is linked to the stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The accumulation of Abeta-induced ROS leads to increased mitochondrial dysfunction and triggers apoptotic cell death. This suggests antioxidant therapies may be beneficial for preventing ROS-related diseases such as AD. Recently, hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has been proven effective in treating oxidative stress-induced disorders because of its ROS-scavenging abilities. However, the precise molecular mechanisms whereby HRW prevents neuronal death are still unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the putative pathways by which HRW protects against Abeta-induced cytotoxicity /in SK-N-MC cells/. Our results indicated that HRW directly counteracts oxidative damage by neutralizing excessive ROS, leading to the alleviation of Abeta-induced cell death. In addition, HRW also stimulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in a sirtuin 1 (Sirt1)-dependent pathway, which upregulates forkhead box protein O3a (FoxO3a) downstream antioxidant response and diminishes Abeta-induced mitochondrial potential loss and oxidative stress. Taken together, our findings suggest that HRW may have potential therapeutic value to inhibit Abeta-induced neurotoxicity. /Hydrogen-rich water/ The NLRP3 inflammasome, an intracellular multi-protein complex controlling the maturation of cytokine interleukin-1beta, plays an important role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cascades. Recently, the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in macrophages stimulated with LPS has been suggested to act as a trigger during the process of NLRP3 inflammasome activation that can be blocked by some mitochondria-targeted antioxidants. Known as a ROS scavenger, molecular hydrogen (H2) has been shown to possess therapeutic benefit on LPS-induced inflammatory damage in many animal experiments. Due to the unique molecular structure, H2 can easily target the mitochondria, suggesting that H2 is a potential antagonist of mtROS-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Here we have showed that, in mouse macrophages, H2 exhibited substantial inhibitory activity against LPS-initiated NLRP3 inflammasome activation by scavenging mtROS. Moreover, the elimination of mtROS by H2 resultantly inhibited mtROS-mediated NLRP3 deubi