CP-ANTISCORPION VENOM

Indications

• Snake bites
• Botulism
• Diphtheria
• Tetanus
• Rabies exposure

Dosage

Children: Dosage for children varies based on the specific antiserum and condition being treated. Refer to specific guidelines for the type of antiserum used.

Adults: Dosage varies based on the specific antiserum and condition being treated. Refer to specific guidelines for the type of antiserum used.

Mechanism of action

Antiserum works by providing pre-formed antibodies that can bind to specific antigens, such as toxins or pathogens, neutralizing their effects and facilitating their clearance from the body. This rapid response helps to prevent or mitigate disease symptoms associated with the specific infection or toxin.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of antiserum involves the interaction of antibodies with their corresponding antigens. Upon administration, the antibodies bind to the antigens, forming immune complexes that can activate the complement system and facilitate opsonization and phagocytosis by immune cells. This leads to a reduction in the severity of the disease and supports the immune system's ability to control the infection.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of antiserum can vary based on the source and preparation of the serum. Generally, after intravenous or intramuscular administration, antibodies are distributed throughout the body, with peak concentrations occurring within hours. The half-life of antibodies can range from several days to weeks, depending on the specific type of antibody and the individual's immune response. Antiserum is typically metabolized and cleared by the reticuloendothelial system.

Adverse effects

• Anaphylaxis
• Serum sickness
• Fever
• Rash
• Joint pain
• Nausea

Interactions

• Anticoagulants may increase bleeding risk when used concurrently
• Immunosuppressive agents may diminish the efficacy of antiserum

Precautions

• Monitor for allergic reactions, especially in patients with a history of hypersensitivity
• Use with caution in patients with compromised immune systems
• Assess for previous exposure to the antiserum components

Pregnancy

Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus, as safety during pregnancy has not been established.

Breast-feeding

Use with caution, as it is not known if antiserum is excreted in human milk.

Storage

Store in a refrigerator at 2-8 degrees Celsius. Do not freeze. Protect from light.

Formulations

• Intravenous antiserum
• Intramuscular antiserum

Indications

• Enzyme replacement therapy
• Digestive disorders
• Metabolic disorders
• Cancer treatment
• Antibiotic treatment enhancement

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific guidelines for enzyme replacement therapies or digestive aids, as dosing varies by enzyme type and indication.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines for enzyme replacement therapies or digestive aids, as dosing varies by enzyme type and indication.

Mechanism of action

Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy required for a chemical reaction, thus increasing the rate of the reaction. They bind to specific substrates at their active sites, forming enzyme-substrate complexes, which then undergo a transformation to produce the desired products while regenerating the enzyme for subsequent reactions.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic properties of enzymes are characterized by their catalytic efficiency, often described by parameters such as Km (Michaelis constant) and Vmax (maximum reaction velocity). Enzymes can be regulated through various mechanisms, including allosteric regulation, covalent modification, and feedback inhibition, allowing for precise control over metabolic pathways.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of enzymes involve their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Enzymes administered therapeutically may be subject to degradation by proteolytic enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract, influencing their bioavailability. Their distribution may vary based on the enzyme's size and solubility, and they can undergo modifications that affect their half-life and activity in the body.

Pregnancy

The safety of enzyme therapy during pregnancy varies depending on the specific enzyme. Consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended.

Breast-feeding

The transfer of enzymes into breast milk is variable. Caution is advised when administering enzyme therapy to breastfeeding mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and moisture. Specific storage conditions may vary based on the type of enzyme.

Indications

• Autism Spectrum Disorders
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Anxiety Disorders
• Depression
• Cerebral Palsy
• Physical Rehabilitation

Dosage

Children: Refer to the specific therapeutic regimen determined by a healthcare professional, as equine therapy is individualized based on patient needs.

Adults: Refer to the specific therapeutic regimen determined by a healthcare professional, as equine therapy is individualized based on patient needs.

Mechanism of action

Equine therapy operates on several levels. The physical interaction with horses can enhance gross motor skills and encourage physical fitness. Psychologically, the bond formed between horse and human can foster emotional healing, reduce anxiety, and build confidence. The rhythmic motion of riding has been shown to have a calming effect on individuals, mimicking similar movements to those experienced in a therapeutic setting. Moreover, the social interaction involved in caring for and riding horses may improve communication skills and socialization.

Pharmacodynamics

Equine therapy itself does not involve pharmacological agents; however, it may influence the psychobiological pathways in the body. The interactions evoke hormonal responses that can alter levels of cortisol and adrenaline, enhancing relaxation and reducing stress. The therapeutic environment can also promote the release of endorphins, contributing to a sense of well-being and happiness.

Pharmacokinetics

As equine therapy does not involve drugs, pharmacokinetics is not applicable. However, the effects on the body can vary based on individual patient characteristics, the specific condition treated, and the duration and frequency of the therapy sessions. Factors such as age, physical condition, and psychological state can influence therapeutic outcomes.

Pregnancy

Equine products should be used with caution during pregnancy, as there is limited data on their safety. Consultation with a healthcare professional is recommended.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding is not well established; therefore, caution is advised when using equine products in nursing mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Generalized anxiety disorder
• Panic disorder
• Social anxiety disorder
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Depressive disorders

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing recommendations.

Adults: Refer to specific dosing guidelines in the BNF or consult a healthcare professional for tailored dosing.

Mechanism of action

Following acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), which increases the levels of serotonin in the synaptic cleft by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic neuron. This enhances serotonergic neurotransmission, which is believed to contribute to its anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. Additionally, it may have effects on norepinephrine reuptake, further contributing to its mood-stabilizing properties.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of Following involve its interaction with serotonin receptors and the modulation of neurotransmitter release in the central nervous system. This results in altered mood, reduced anxiety, and improved emotional response. The onset of action for anxiolytic effects may take several weeks, as adaptive changes in receptor sensitivity and neurotransmitter levels occur over time.

Pharmacokinetics

Following is well absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations typically reached within several hours. It is extensively metabolized in the liver, primarily by cytochrome P450 enzymes, and has a half-life that allows for once-daily dosing in most cases. Renal and hepatic function can significantly affect the drug's clearance, necessitating dosage adjustments in patients with impairment.

Pregnancy

Following has not been adequately studied in pregnant women. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether Following is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when administered to a nursing mother.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Schizophrenia
• Psychotic disorders
• Severe anxiety and agitation
• Nausea and vomiting
• Intractable hiccups

Dosage

Adults: The usual starting dose for adults is 25 mg to 50 mg taken orally, which can be increased gradually to achieve the

Mechanism of action

Chlorpromazine acts as an antagonist on multiple postsynaptic receptors, including dopaminergic receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4), serotonergic receptors (5-HT1, 5-HT2), histaminergic receptors (H1), alpha-adrenergic receptors (alpha1, alpha2), and muscarinic receptors (M1, M2). This blockade leads to reduced dopaminergic activity, which alleviates psychotic symptoms, while the interaction with serotonergic and histaminergic receptors contributes to its anxiolytic, sedative, and antiemetic effects. Additionally, it has a weak presynaptic inhibitory effect on dopamine reuptake, providing mild antidepressive and antiparkinsonian effects.

Pharmacodynamics

Chlorpromazine primarily exhibits its effects at subcortical levels of the central nervous system. It is recognized for its strong antiadrenergic effects and weaker peripheral anticholinergic activity. The drug also shows slight antihistaminic and antiserotonin activity, contributing to its broad spectrum of effects on mood, behavior, and various physiological functions.

Pharmacokinetics

Chlorpromazine is well-absorbed following oral administration and is extensively metabolized in the liver. The drug's half-life varies significantly among individuals, typically ranging from 30 to 50 hours, but can be longer in some patients. It is primarily excreted in the urine as metabolites, with minimal unchanged drug being eliminated. The pharmacokinetics of chlorpromazine may be influenced by factors such as age, liver function, and concurrent medications.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to chlorpromazine or any of its components
• Comatose states
• Severe central nervous system depression
• Bone marrow depression
• Porphyria
• Severe liver dysfunction
• Pheochromocytoma

Adverse effects

• Sedation
• Weight gain
• Orthostatic hypotension
• Extrapyramidal symptoms
• Dry mouth
• Blurred vision
• Constipation
• Urinary retention
• Tachycardia
• Sexual dysfunction
• Akathisia
• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Interactions

• CNS depressants (e.g., alcohol, benzodiazepines) may enhance sedative effects
• Antihypertensive agents may have additive hypotensive effects
• Anticholinergic drugs may exacerbate anticholinergic effects
• Dopamine agonists may have reduced efficacy

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of seizures
• Monitor for signs of tardive dyskinesia
• Use cautiously in elderly patients, particularly those with dementia-related psychosis
• Regular monitoring of blood pressure is advised
• Consider the risk of metabolic syndrome

Pregnancy

Chlorpromazine should only be used in pregnancy if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. It is categorized as a pregnancy category C drug.

Breast-feeding

Chlorpromazine is excreted in breast milk. Caution should be exercised when administering to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Tablets (various strengths)
• Oral solution
• Injectable solution

Indications

• Primary immunodeficiency disorders
• Secondary immunodeficiency disorders
• Autoimmune diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Myasthenia gravis
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
• Kawasaki disease
• Infectious diseases requiring passive immunity

Dosage

Children: Refer

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines, as dosing may vary based on indication, patient weight, and clinical judgment.

Mechanism of action

Immunoglobulins exert their effects primarily through their ability to bind to specific antigens, leading to neutralization of pathogens and facilitating their clearance. They activate complement pathways, enhance phagocytosis by immune cells, and neutralize toxins. Different immunoglobulin classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) have varying roles in immune defense, with IgG being the most abundant in serum and crucial for opsonization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of immunoglobulins include enhancement of antibody-mediated immune responses, modulation of inflammatory processes, and provision of immediate passive immunity. They can also lead to the suppression of abnormal immune responses in conditions such as autoimmune diseases. The therapeutic effects vary depending on the specific immunoglobulin preparation and the condition being treated.

Pharmacokinetics

Immunoglobulins are absorbed into the circulation following administration, with the pharmacokinetics influenced by the route of administration. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has a half-life of approximately 21 to 30 days, while subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) has a shorter half-life. They are distributed widely in the extracellular space and are eliminated primarily via catabolism, with renal excretion playing a minor role. The dosing may need adjustments based on the patient's clinical condition and response to therapy.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to immunoglobulins
• Severe hyperprothrombinemia
• Selective IgA deficiency with a history of hypersensitivity

Adverse effects

• Headache
• Fever
• Chills
• Nausea
• Rash
• Anaphylaxis
• Thromboembolic events

Interactions

• Live vaccines may be less effective when administered concurrently with immunoglobulins
• Caution is advised when administering immunoglobulins with other blood products

Precautions

• Monitor for signs of anaphylaxis during administration
• Use with caution in patients with renal impairment
• Consider risk of thromboembolic events in patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors

Pregnancy

Immunoglobulins are generally considered safe during pregnancy, but use should be based on a risk-benefit assessment.

Breast-feeding

Immunoglobulins can be used during breastfeeding as they are excreted in breast milk but are not expected to have adverse effects on the infant.

Storage

Store in a refrigerator (2-8°C). Do not freeze. Protect from light.

Formulations

• Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
• Subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG)
• Intramuscular immunoglobulin (IMIG)

Indications

• Generalized anxiety disorder
• Social anxiety disorder
• Panic disorder
• Off-label uses in depression
• Off-label uses in insomnia

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing information in paediatric populations.

Adults: Refer to specific clinical guidelines and individual patient factors to determine appropriate dosing. Consult relevant dosing references.

Mechanism of action

Less primarily acts as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), which increases levels of serotonin in the synaptic cleft by inhibiting its reabsorption into the presynaptic cell. This enhancement of serotonin neurotransmission is believed to contribute to its anxiolytic and antidepressant effects.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of Less include its ability to elevate mood, reduce anxiety, and improve overall emotional well-being. It may also produce mild sedative effects, which can contribute to its use in anxiety and sleep disorders. The onset of action for anxiolytic effects generally occurs over several weeks, reflecting the need for sustained treatment to achieve therapeutic benefits.

Pharmacokinetics

Less is typically well-absorbed following oral administration with a bioavailability that is influenced by food. It undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, primarily by cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to various metabolites, some of which may have pharmacological activity. The elimination half-life is moderate, allowing for once-daily dosing in most cases. Renal excretion plays a significant role in the elimination of the drug and its metabolites.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established. Use only if the benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Use with caution. It is not known if the drug is excreted in human milk.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from light and moisture.

Indications

• Acute poisoning
• Drug overdose
• Toxin exposure
• Venomous bites
• Adverse drug reactions

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific neutralizing agent guidelines for dosing information.

Adults: Refer to specific neutralizing agent guidelines for dosing information.

Mechanism of action

Neutralizing agents typically bind to the target toxin or pathogen, rendering it inactive. This can occur through various mechanisms, such as chelation, where the neutralizer forms a complex with the toxin, or by blocking the receptor sites that the toxin would normally bind to. For example, in the case of an overdose of certain medications, an antidote may compete with the drug for binding sites or may facilitate the elimination of the toxin from the body.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of neutralizing agents vary widely depending on the specific agent used and the type of toxin it is designed to counteract. Generally, these agents work rapidly to mitigate the effects of the toxin, leading to a reduction in symptoms and potential complications. The effectiveness of a neutralizer can depend on factors such as the dose of the toxin, the timing of administration, and the individual's response.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of neutralizing agents also varies. Many are administered intravenously for rapid effect, while others may be given orally. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion can differ significantly between agents. Some neutralizers are excreted unchanged via the kidneys, while others may undergo biotransformation before elimination. The half-life of these agents can influence the duration of their action and may require multiple doses in certain cases.

Pregnancy

Consult a healthcare provider for advice regarding use during pregnancy, as safety data may vary depending on the specific substance being neutralized.

Breast-feeding

Consult a healthcare provider for advice regarding use while breastfeeding, as safety data may vary.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Dosage

Children: Refer to the specific medication's prescribing information for paediatric dosing instructions after reconstitution.

Adults: Refer to the specific medication's prescribing information for adult dosing instructions after reconstitution.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of reconstituted medications depends on the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) present in the formulation. Once reconstituted, the drug is typically intended to exert its effects through specific pathways, such as receptor binding, enzyme inhibition, or other pharmacological actions related to its therapeutic class.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics will vary based on the specific drug being reconstituted. Generally, the reconstituted medication will interact with biological targets in the body, leading to therapeutic effects. This could involve modulation of neurotransmitter systems, hormonal pathways, or immune responses, depending on the drug's intended use.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics of reconstituted medications are similarly dependent on the specific drug. After administration, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion may vary. Factors like the route of administration (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular), the solubility of the drug, and patient-specific factors (e.g., age, liver and kidney function) will influence the drug's overall pharmacokinetic profile.

Pregnancy

Consult a healthcare provider before use, as risks and benefits must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

Breast-feeding

Consult a healthcare provider before use, as the effects on breastfed infants are not fully understood.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Follow specific storage instructions provided with the product.

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing information.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing information.

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Fatigue

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of gastrointestinal disorders.
• Monitor for signs of allergic reactions.

Pregnancy

Safety in pregnancy has not been established, use only if clearly needed.

Breast-feeding

Consult a healthcare provider before use while breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Pain management
• Inflammation
• Fever reduction

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate pediatric dosing guidelines.

Adults: Refer to the latest clinical guidelines or specific product information for adult dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Than may act by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are compounds involved in the inflammatory response and pain signaling. This mechanism typically involves the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, subsequently reducing the production of inflammatory mediators.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of Than generally include analgesia (pain relief), anti-inflammatory effects, and antipyretic properties (fever reduction). Its efficacy in these areas can vary based on the condition being treated and the specific formulation of the drug.

Pharmacokinetics

Than is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations typically achieved within 1 to 2 hours after oral administration. It is metabolized primarily in the liver and excreted via the kidneys. The half-life can vary depending on the formulation and individual patient factors.

Pregnancy

Use during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Consult a healthcare professional for advice.

Breast-feeding

Use with caution. Monitor infant for potential adverse effects. Consult a healthcare professional for advice.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Keep out of reach of children.

Mechanism of action

Venoms exert their effects through various mechanisms, including enzymatic activity that disrupts cellular integrity, inhibition of neurotransmitter release, and modulation of ion channels. For example, neurotoxic venoms may block acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions, leading to paralysis. Other venoms can activate or inhibit specific receptors or pathways, resulting in pain, inflammation, or coagulation disturbances.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of venom components depend on their specific targets and effects. Many venoms are designed to incapacitate prey quickly, with rapid onset of action. Effects may include paralysis, hemorrhage, or disruption of normal physiological functions. The potency and duration of action vary widely among different venoms and their constituent molecules.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics of venom components can vary significantly based on their structure and the route of exposure. After envenomation, the compounds may be rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream, leading to systemic effects. Metabolism typically occurs in the liver, and excretion can happen through urine or feces. The onset of action can be immediate, while the duration depends on the specific venom type and individual response.

Pregnancy

There is limited information on the use of venom during pregnancy. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Caution is advised when using venom while breastfeeding due to the unknown effects on the infant.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Specific storage conditions may vary depending on the formulation.

Indications

• Malaria

Dosage

Children: null

Adults: null

Pharmacodynamics

null

Pharmacokinetics

null

Contra-indications

• Known allergy to the drug
• Pregnancy (unless under medical supervision)
• Severe renal impairment

Adverse effects

• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Dizziness
• Nausea and vomiting

Interactions

• Affects the metabolism of other drugs
• Increases risk of QT prolongation when co-administered with other drugs that prolong QT interval

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of epilepsy
• Monitor liver function in patients with liver disease

Pregnancy

Use under medical supervision

Breast-feeding

Unknown

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place. Protect from light.

Formulations

• Tablets
• Injectable solution

Mechanism of action

Chlorpromazine acts as an antagonist (blocking agent) on different postsysnaptic receptors -on dopaminergic-receptors (subtypes D1, D2, D3 and D4 - different antipsychotic properties on productive and unproductive symptoms), on serotonergic-receptors (5-HT1 and 5-HT2, with anxiolytic, antidepressive and antiaggressive properties as well as an attenuation of extrapypramidal side-effects, but also leading to weight gain, fall in blood pressure, sedation and ejaculation difficulties), on histaminergic-receptors (H1-receptors, sedation, antiemesis, vertigo, fall in blood pressure and weight gain), alpha1/alpha2-receptors (antisympathomimetic properties, lowering of blood pressure, reflex tachycardia, vertigo, sedation, hypersalivation and incontinence as well as sexual dysfunction, but may also attenuate pseudoparkinsonism - controversial) and finally on muscarinic (cholinergic) M1/M2-receptors (causing anticholinergic symptoms like dry mouth, blurred vision, obstipation, difficulty/inability to urinate, sinus tachycardia, ECG-changes and loss of memory, but the anticholinergic action may attenuate extrapyramidal side-effects). Additionally, Chlorpromazine is a weak presynaptic inhibitor of Dopamine reuptake, which may lead to (mild) antidepressive and antiparkinsonian effects. This action could also account for psychomotor agitation and amplification of psychosis (very rarely noted in clinical use). The principal pharmacologic effects of chlorpromazine are similar to those of other propylamino derivatives of phenothiazine. Chlorpromazine has strong anticholinergic and sedative effects and moderate extrapyramidal effects. Chlorpromazine has strong antiemetic and adrenergic blocking activity and weak ganglionic blocking, antihistaminic, and antiserotonergic activity. The development of phenothiazine derivatives as psychopharmacologic agents resulted from the observation that certain phenothiazine antihistaminic compounds produced sedation. In an attempt to enhance the sedative effects of these drugs, promethazine and chlorpromazine were synthesized. Chlorpromazine is the pharmacologic prototype of the phenothiazines. The pharmacology of phenothiazines is complex, and because of their actions on the central and autonomic nervous systems, the drugs affect many different sites in the body. Although the actions of the various phenothiazines are generally similar, these drugs differ both quantitatively and qualitatively in the extent to which they produce specific pharmacologic effects. /Phenothiazine General Statement/ In the CNS, phenothiazines act principally at the subcortical levels of the reticular formation, limbic system, and hypothalamus. Phenothiazines generally do not produce substantial cortical depression; however, there is minimal information on the specific effects of phenothiazines at the cortical level. Phenothiazines also act in the basal ganglia, exhibiting extrapyramidal effects. The precise mechanism(s) of action, including antipsychotic action, of phenothiazines has not been determined, but may be principally related to antidopaminergic effects of the drugs. There is evidence to indicate that phenothiazines antagonize dopamine-mediated neurotransmission at the synapses. There is also some evidence that phenothiazines may block postsynaptic dopamine receptor sites. However, it has not been determined whether the antipsychotic effect of the drugs is causally related to their antidopaminergic effects. Phenothiazines also have peripheral and/or central antagonistic activity against alpha-adrenergic, serotonergic, histaminic (H1-receptors), and muscarinic receptors. Phenothiazines also have some adrenergic activity, since they block the reuptake of monoamines at the presynaptic neuronal membrane, which tends to enhance neurotransmission. The effects of phenothiazines on the autonomic nervous system are complex and unpredictable because the drugs exhibit varying degrees of alpha-adrenergic blocking, muscarinic blocking,

Pharmacodynamics

Chlorpromazine is a psychotropic agent indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia. It also exerts sedative and antiemetic activity. Chlorpromazine has actions at all levels of the central nervous system-primarily at subcortical levels-as well as on multiple organ systems. Chlorpromazine has strong antiadrenergic and weaker peripheral anticholinergic activity; ganglionic blocking action is relatively slight. It also possesses slight antihistaminic and antiserotonin activity.