FLUNIXIN INJECTION

Indications

• Pain relief in inflammatory conditions
• Osteoarthritis
• Colic in horses
• Post-operative pain management

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations in paediatric patients.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing recommendations based on the condition being treated.

Mechanism of action

Flunixin exerts its effects primarily by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which is crucial in the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. This inhibition results in decreased levels of prostaglandins, leading to reduced inflammation, pain, and fever. Flunixin preferentially inhibits COX-2, which is responsible for the inflammatory response, while having a lesser effect on COX-1, which protects the gastric mucosa.

Pharmacodynamics

Flunixin is known for its potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. It is effective in reducing pain and swelling associated with various inflammatory conditions. The onset of action is typically rapid, with effects seen within a few hours of administration. The duration of action can vary depending on the route of administration and the specific condition being treated.

Pharmacokinetics

Flunixin is well absorbed following oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 1 to 2 hours. It has a volume of distribution that suggests extensive tissue binding. Flunixin is primarily metabolized in the liver, and its metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine. The elimination half-life is approximately 3 to 6 hours in humans, though this may vary based on individual patient factors.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to flunixin or any of its components
• Active gastrointestinal bleeding
• Severe renal impairment
• Active liver disease

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal ulceration
• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Renal toxicity
• Hepatotoxicity
• Anaphylaxis
• Injection site reactions

Interactions

• Concurrent use with other NSAIDs may increase the risk of gastrointestinal toxicity
• Caution with anticoagulants due to potential increased bleeding risk
• May enhance the effects of other drugs that are renally excreted

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with pre-existing kidney or liver disease
• Monitor for signs of gastrointestinal bleeding
• Avoid use in dehydrated animals or those with hypovolaemia
• Consider potential effects on platelet function

Pregnancy

Flunixin should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefits justify the risks to the fetus, as safety in pregnancy has not been established.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether flunixin is excreted in human milk; caution should be exercised when administering to breastfeeding mothers.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Protect from light.

Formulations

• Injectable solution
• Oral suspension
• Tablets

Indications

• Used as a solubilizing agent in pharmaceutical preparations
• Used in radiographic contrast media formulations

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific formulations for paediatric dosing instructions as it varies depending on the application.

Adults: Refer to specific formulations for adult dosing instructions as it varies depending on the application.

Mechanism of action

Meglumine acts by enhancing the solubility and stability of drugs in solution, particularly in radiographic contrast agents. It is involved in purinergic signaling pathways, which are essential for various physiological processes, including neurotransmission and inflammation.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic profile of meglumine is largely influenced by its role as a solubilizing agent. It does not exhibit direct pharmacological effects on its own but rather facilitates the action of other active ingredients in formulations. Its impact on purinergic signaling may contribute to modulating physiological responses in the body.

Pharmacokinetics

Meglumine is rapidly absorbed when administered, with its pharmacokinetics closely tied to the properties of the drugs it accompanies. The distribution, metabolism, and excretion of meglumine are not well-defined as it typically functions as an excipient rather than an active therapeutic agent. Its elimination from the body is primarily via renal pathways.

Pregnancy

There is insufficient data on the use of meglumine in pregnancy, therefore it should only be used if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Caution is advised when administering meglumine to breastfeeding women, as its effects on infants are not well studied.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.