FUNGITER CREAM

Indications

• Acid-base balance disorders
• pH adjustment in various medical solutions
• Chemical burns in controlled settings

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific clinical guidelines for appropriate dosing as it can vary based on the condition and clinical scenario.

Adults: Refer to specific clinical guidelines for appropriate dosing as it can vary based on the condition and clinical scenario.

Mechanism of action

The biological activity of hydrogen chloride is associated with its high solubility in water, where it dissociates almost completely. The hydrogen ion interacts with water molecules to form the hydronium ion, which acts as a proton donor with catalytic properties, allowing it to react with organic molecules. This interaction can lead to cellular injury and necrosis.

Pharmacodynamics

Hydrochloride exerts its effects primarily through the formation of hydronium ions, which lower the pH of the surrounding environment and can disrupt cellular processes. The acidic nature of this compound facilitates various chemical reactions that may affect cellular integrity and function.

Pharmacokinetics

As an acid, hydrochloride does not undergo traditional pharmacokinetic processes such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the same way as conventional drugs. Its effects are immediate upon exposure, as it dissociates in solution to exert its acidic properties.

Pregnancy

Hydrochloric acid is classified as category C, meaning risk cannot be ruled out. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether hydrochloric acid is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when administered to breastfeeding women.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from light and tightly sealed to prevent moisture absorption.

Indications

• Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
• Tinea cruris (jock itch)
• Tinea corporis (ringworm)
• Onychomycosis (fungal nail infections)

Dosage

Adults: For adults, the typical oral dosage for tinea infections is 250 mg once daily for 2 to

Mechanism of action

Terbinafine inhibits the enzyme squalene monooxygenase, preventing the conversion of squalene to 2,3-oxydosqualene, a vital step in ergosterol synthesis. This leads to reduced ergosterol levels, which are essential for fungal cell membrane integrity, and causes an accumulation of squalene, contributing to cell death.

Pharmacodynamics

As an allylamine antifungal, terbinafine disrupts fungal cell membrane synthesis by inhibiting squalene epoxidase. This action results in weakening of the cell wall and the formation of squalene-rich vesicles within the fungal cells. It has a long duration of action due to extensive tissue distribution and a long terminal elimination half-life. The therapeutic index is wide, making overdose uncommon, but liver function tests are recommended prior to treatment to mitigate the risk of hepatotoxicity.

Pharmacokinetics

Terbinafine is well absorbed after oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 2 hours. It is extensively distributed in body tissues, particularly in skin and nails, where it accumulates. The elimination half-life ranges from 25 to 30 hours, allowing for once-daily dosing. Terbinafine is primarily metabolized by the liver and excreted in urine, with less than 5% of the dose excreted unchanged.

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Headache
• Rash
• Taste disturbance
• Liver function abnormalities

Interactions

• Moderate (increases exposure) with galantamine
• Moderate (increases exposure) with risperidone
• Moderate (increases exposure) with atomoxetine
• Moderate (increases exposure) with eliglustat
• Moderate (increases exposure) with fesoterodine
• Moderate (decreases exposure) with rifampicin
• Moderate (increases exposure) with fluoxetine
• Moderate (increases exposure) with centrally acting anticholinesterases
• Moderate (increases exposure) with second-generation antipsychotics
• Moderate (increases exposure) with tricyclic antidepressants

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with liver dysfunction
• Monitor liver function tests before and during therapy
• Avoid use in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to terbinafine or its components
• Caution in patients with renal impairment

Pregnancy

Manufacturer advises avoiding use unless potential benefit outweighs risk.

Breast-feeding

Manufacturer advises avoiding use unless potential benefit outweighs risk.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Tablets (250 mg)
• Cream (1%)
• Solution (1%)

Mechanism of action

The biological activity of hydrogen chloride is associated with its high solubility in water i.e., 23 moles/L at 0 °C. ... The hydrogen chloride in water dissociates almost completely, with the hydrogen ion captured by the water molecules to form the hydronium ion. The hydronium ion becomes a donor of a proton that possesses catalytic properties and thus is capable of reacting with organic molecules. This may explain the ability of hydrogen chloride to induce cellular injury and necrosis.

Mechanism of action

Terbinafine inhibits the enzyme squalene monooxygenase (also called squalene epoxidase), preventing the conversion of squalene to 2,3-oxydosqualene, a step in the synthesis of ergosterol. This inhibition leads to decreased ergosterol, which would normally be incorporated into the cell wall, and accumulation of squalene. Generation of a large number of squalene containing vesicles in the cytoplasm may leach other lipids away from, and further weaken, the cell wall.

Pharmacodynamics

Terbinafine is an allylamine antifungal that inhibits squalene epoxidase (also known as squalene monooxygenase) to prevent the formation of ergosterol and cause an accumulation of squalene, weakening the cell wall of fungal cells. Terbinafine distributes into tissues and has a long terminal elimination half life, so the duration of action is long. Overdose with terbinafine is rare, even above the therapeutic dose, so the therapeutic index is wide. Patients taking oral terbinafine should have liver function tests performed prior to treatment to reduce the risk of liver injury.