Bob Martin Tick and Flea Shampoo (Cats and Kittens) (Each ml contains Pyrethrum 0.1%w/v/Pipcronyl Buticide 0.4%w/v)

Indications

• Ascariasis
• Hookworm infection
• Trichuriasis
• Strongyloidiasis
• Cestodiasis

Dosage

Children: Paediatric dosing is typically determined by the child's weight and the specific indication. Refer to paediatric dosing guidelines for accurate recommendations.

Adults: The recommended dosage for adults varies based on the specific indication and the formulation used. Refer to the specific guidelines or product information for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

Buticide primarily acts by disrupting the energy metabolism of the target parasites. It inhibits key enzymes involved in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, leading to a depletion of ATP in the parasites, which ultimately results in their death.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of buticide involve its selective toxicity to helminths, with minimal effects on mammalian cells. It targets specific metabolic pathways that are crucial for parasite survival, allowing for effective eradication of infections while sparing host tissues.

Pharmacokinetics

Buticide is usually well-absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. It undergoes hepatic metabolism, with metabolites excreted primarily in the urine. The half-life and clearance rates may vary depending on the specific formulation and the host's metabolic state.

Pregnancy

The safety of buticide during pregnancy has not been firmly established. Caution is advised, and use should be limited to situations where the benefits outweigh potential risks.

Breast-feeding

Due to insufficient data on the excretion of buticide in human milk, its use during breastfeeding should be approached with caution. Consideration of the potential benefits and risks is essential.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from direct sunlight and moisture. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Schizophrenia
• Schizoaffective disorder
• Psychotic disorders
• Severe anxiety disorders

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing information in paediatric populations.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing guidelines based on the clinical scenario and patient response.

Mechanism of action

Pipcronyl primarily acts as an antagonist at dopamine D2 receptors in the central nervous system. By inhibiting dopaminergic activity, it helps to restore the balance of neurotransmitters, which is often disrupted in individuals with psychotic disorders. Additionally, it may have some activity at serotonin receptors, further contributing to its therapeutic effects.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of pipcronyl involve its ability to modulate dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways in the brain. This modulation results in a reduction of psychotic symptoms and an improvement in overall mood and cognitive function. The drug's effects can vary based on the dosage and the individual's unique neurochemistry.

Pharmacokinetics

Pipcronyl is absorbed following oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations typically achieved within a few hours. It undergoes hepatic metabolism, primarily through cytochrome P450 enzymes, and its metabolites are excreted via the kidneys. The drug has a half-life that allows for once or twice daily dosing, depending on the formulation and patient needs.

Pregnancy

There is limited data on the safety of pipcronyl in pregnancy. It is recommended to use it only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether pipcronyl is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when administering to breastfeeding mothers.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from light and moisture. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Insecticide for agricultural use
• Household insect repellent
• Pest control in stored products

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines, as pyrethrum formulations vary widely in concentration and intended use.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines, as pyrethrum formulations vary widely in concentration and intended use.

Mechanism of action

Pyrethrum works by targeting the sodium channels in the nerve cell membranes of insects. It causes prolonged opening of these channels, leading to repetitive nerve firing, paralysis, and ultimately death of the insect. This mechanism is specific to insects due to the differences in their nervous system compared to mammals.

Pharmacodynamics

Pyrethrum exhibits a rapid onset of action, providing quick knockdown of insects. Its efficacy can vary based on formulation and environmental conditions. The toxicity to insects is significantly higher than to mammals, which is attributed to the differences in sodium channel structure and function between these groups. In mammals, pyrethrum is generally considered to have low acute toxicity, with potential irritant effects seen with high exposure.

Pharmacokinetics

The absorption and distribution of pyrethrum in humans and mammals are limited due to its low solubility in water. It tends to be rapidly metabolized by the liver, with metabolites being excreted primarily through urine. The half-life of pyrethrum in biological systems is relatively short, which contributes to its safety profile when used as directed.

Pregnancy

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether pyrethrum is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when administering to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and out of reach of children.