Ultimale capsules

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific pharmacological literature for dosage information.

Adults: Refer to specific pharmacological literature for dosage information.

Pregnancy

Consult with a healthcare provider. The effects of adscendens during pregnancy are not well-documented.

Breast-feeding

Consult with a healthcare provider. The safety of adscendens during breastfeeding is not well-established.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Pain relief
• Anti-inflammatory purposes
• Cognitive enhancement
• Oral health improvement

Dosage

Children: Paediatric dosing has not been established and should be approached with caution. Refer to clinical guidelines or a healthcare professional for advice.

Adults: Dosage for adults can vary widely based on the form and concentration of the extract. It is recommended to consult specific guidelines or a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism of action of Anacyclus is not fully understood. However, it is believed to exert its effects through modulation of neurotransmitter levels, particularly by enhancing dopamine and norepinephrine activity, which may contribute to its stimulant properties. Additionally, components of Anacyclus may have anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Pharmacodynamics

Anacyclus exhibits various pharmacodynamic effects, such as analgesia, anti-inflammatory activity, and cognitive enhancement. Its compounds may influence pain pathways and reduce inflammation by acting on the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. The herb has been noted for its potential to improve memory and cognitive performance, possibly through its effects on neurotransmitter systems.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Anacyclus are not well-documented, as comprehensive studies on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) are limited. Generally, herbal extracts can vary widely in their bioavailability due to the presence of multiple active compounds. However, it is expected that the active constituents are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and may undergo hepatic metabolism before exerting their therapeutic effects.

Adverse effects

• Allergic reactions
• Gastrointestinal upset
• Headache
• Dizziness

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with hypersensitivity to plants in the Asteraceae family
• Monitor for allergic reactions
• Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding only if clearly needed

Pregnancy

Insufficient data available on safety in pregnancy, use with caution.

Breast-feeding

Limited information available, consult a healthcare provider before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Dried root powder
• Extracts (liquid and solid)

Indications

• Nutritional support
• Antioxidant source
• Diuretic effects
• Digestive health support
• Potential anti-inflammatory effects

Dosage

Children: As with adults, asparagus can be included in a child's diet as a nutritious vegetable, but there are no specific dosing recommendations.

Adults: Asparagus is typically consumed as part of a balanced diet. There are no specific dosing guidelines as it is not used as a medicinal product.

Mechanism of action

Asparagus contains various bioactive compounds such as asparagine, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory agents. The presence of these compounds contributes to its potential health benefits, including diuretic effects and support for digestive health. The high levels of antioxidants may help in reducing oxidative stress in the body.

Pharmacodynamics

The consumption of asparagus has been associated with several health benefits, including improved digestion and reduced inflammation. Its diuretic properties may help in the excretion of excess fluid and waste products, which can be beneficial in conditions like edema and hypertension. Its antioxidant compounds also play a role in combating free radicals, potentially lowering the risk of chronic diseases.

Pharmacokinetics

Asparagus is primarily consumed as a food item rather than a pharmaceutical agent, so traditional pharmacokinetic parameters such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are not well-defined. However, the nutrients and compounds within asparagus are generally absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, providing various health benefits in a bioavailable form.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal upset
• Allergic reactions in sensitive individuals

Precautions

• May cause odorous urine due to the metabolism of asparagusic acid
• Use caution in individuals with a history of allergy to asparagus

Pregnancy

Asparagus is generally considered safe in pregnancy and can provide beneficial nutrients, but it should be consumed in moderation.

Breast-feeding

Asparagus is safe to consume while breastfeeding, but may affect the odor of breast milk.

Storage

Store asparagus in a cool, dry place. Refrigeration can extend freshness; wrap in a damp towel or place in a perforated plastic bag.

Formulations

• Fresh asparagus spears
• Canned asparagus
• Frozen asparagus

Indications

• Skin conditions
• Wound healing
• Inflammatory skin disorders
• Respiratory ailments
• Gastrointestinal disorders

Dosage

Children: Specific dosing guidelines for pediatric use of asphaltum are not established. It is recommended to consult a healthcare provider for appropriate guidance.

Adults: Specific dosing guidelines for asphaltum are not established. It is typically used topically as needed for the treatment of skin conditions or as directed by a healthcare provider.

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism of action of asphaltum is not fully understood, but it is thought to exert its effects through its anti-inflammatory properties, which may involve the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the promotion of wound healing. It may also have a role in forming a protective barrier over wounds and affected areas, reducing the risk of infection.

Pharmacodynamics

Asphaltum demonstrates various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Its application can lead to improved healing in skin conditions by providing a protective layer and reducing inflammation. The exact pharmacodynamic profile can vary based on the formulation and method of application.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of asphaltum are not well-characterized due to its topical usage and variable formulations. When applied topically, absorption through the skin may occur, although systemic absorption is generally minimal. The clearance and metabolism of asphaltum when used in this manner are not well-documented.

Adverse effects

• Skin irritation
• Allergic reactions
• Gastrointestinal disturbances

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with skin sensitivities
• Avoid contact with eyes and mucous membranes
• Not recommended for use in open wounds or broken skin

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established, use with caution.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding has not been established, use with caution.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Topical ointment
• Pastes
• Creams

Indications

• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Gut dysbiosis
• Support for immune function
• Enhancement of gut health

Dosage

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines and consult a healthcare professional for dosing recommendations, as doses can vary based on formulation and intended

Mechanism of action

Bifidobacterium longum exerts its beneficial effects primarily through the modulation of the gut microbiota. It helps in the fermentation of dietary fibers, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that nourish colon cells and maintain gut barrier integrity. Moreover, it competes for adhesion sites and nutrients against pathogenic bacteria, thereby inhibiting their growth. This strain also has immunomodulatory effects, enhancing the host's immune response by promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the activity of immune cells.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of Bifidobacterium longum involve its ability to balance the gut microbiome, enhance mucosal immunity, and improve intestinal permeability. It has been shown to lower the pH of the gut, creating an unfavorable environment for pathogenic organisms. Additionally, it can alleviate symptoms associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diarrhea, and constipation by promoting regular bowel movements and reducing inflammation in the gut.

Pharmacokinetics

Bifidobacterium longum is not absorbed into the systemic circulation but acts locally within the gastrointestinal tract. Its effects are primarily exerted in the intestines, where it colonizes and interacts with the gut environment. The survival and efficacy of this probiotic can be influenced by factors such as the formulation, dosage, and the individual's existing gut microbiota. Generally, ingestion of probiotics leads to transient colonization, with the bacteria being excreted in feces within a few days after discontinuation of use.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established. Consult healthcare professionals before use.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding has not been established. Consult healthcare professionals before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and moisture.

Indications

• Parkinson's disease
• Restless legs syndrome
• Mood enhancement
• Improvement of sexual function
• Neuroprotection

Dosage

Children: Refer to established clinical guidelines and consult healthcare professionals for specific dosing information based on the condition being treated.

Adults: Refer to established clinical guidelines and consult healthcare professionals for specific dosing information based on the condition being treated.

Mechanism of action

Mucuna pruriens exerts its effects primarily through its high concentration of L-DOPA, which is converted into dopamine in the brain. Dopamine is a critical neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood, motor control, and reward pathways. Additionally, Mucuna may influence other neurotransmitters and hormones, potentially enhancing overall mental well-being and physical performance.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of Mucuna pruriens are attributed mainly to L-DOPA. By increasing dopamine levels, it can help alleviate symptoms associated with dopamine deficiency, such as those seen in Parkinson's disease. The herb may also exert mood-lifting effects and improve cognitive function. Its antioxidant properties may contribute to neuronal protection against oxidative stress.

Pharmacokinetics

Mucuna pruriens, when consumed, is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. L-DOPA is rapidly absorbed and crosses the blood-brain barrier, where it is converted to dopamine. The onset of action can vary based on the formulation and individual metabolism, with effects generally noticed within a few hours. The elimination half-life of L-DOPA is approximately 1 to 3 hours, and it is metabolized primarily in the liver.

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Insomnia
• Anxiety
• Hallucinations

Interactions

• Antidepressants
• Dopamine agonists
• Levodopa

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of psychosis
• Monitor for signs of excessive dopamine activity
• Not recommended for use in individuals with cardiovascular disorders

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established. Use only if clearly needed and the potential benefits outweigh the risks.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding has not been established. Caution is advised.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Powder
• Capsules
• Tablets

Indications

• Uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing in paediatric patients.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Piperaquine acts by interfering with the heme detoxification process in the malaria parasite. It accumulates within the food vacuole of the parasite and inhibits the conversion of toxic heme into non-toxic hemozoin. This accumulation of free heme leads to oxidative stress and cellular damage, ultimately resulting in the death of the parasite.

Pharmacodynamics

Piperaquine demonstrates a dose-dependent response in its antimalarial activity. It is effective against the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium species, with a prolonged half-life that allows for once-weekly dosing in some regimens. The drug's efficacy is influenced by the rate of parasite clearance and the patient's immune response.

Pharmacokinetics

Piperaquine is well-absorbed following oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations typically occurring within 4 to 6 hours. It has a long elimination half-life, which can range from 10 to 30 days, allowing for sustained plasma levels. The drug is metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily in the feces, with a smaller fraction eliminated in the urine. Its pharmacokinetics can be significantly affected by drug interactions, particularly those that alter hepatic metabolism.

Interactions

• grapefruit juice: Severe (increases concentration)
• mitotane: Severe (decreases concentration)
• St. John's wort: Severe (decreases concentration)
• rifampicin: Severe (decreases concentration)
• dronedarone: Unknown (increases concentration)
• cobicistat: Unknown (increases concentration)
• crizotinib: Unknown (increases concentration)
• idelalisib: Unknown (increases concentration)
• imatinib: Unknown (increases concentration)
• letermovir: Unknown (increases concentration)

Pregnancy

Consult with a healthcare professional regarding the use of piper during pregnancy.

Breast-feeding

Consult with a healthcare professional regarding the use of piper during breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• {'name': 'Piperaquine', 'class': 'Penicillins', 'molecular_formula': 'C38H36N4O4'}

Indications

• Parkinson's disease
• Mood enhancement
• Sexual dysfunction
• Stress management
• Neuroprotection

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing information.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing information.

Mechanism of action

Mucuna pruriens exerts its effects primarily through the conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine in the brain. This increase in dopamine levels can help alleviate symptoms of Parkinson's disease and improve mood. The presence of other bioactive compounds such as antioxidants and alkaloids may also contribute to its adaptogenic properties, helping the body manage stress and improve overall well-being.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of Mucuna pruriens is largely attributed to its ability to increase central nervous system dopamine levels. This action can lead to improved motor control and reduced symptoms of bradykinesia and rigidity in Parkinson's disease patients. Additionally, the herb may enhance mood and cognitive function by modulating neurotransmitter levels, particularly in stressful situations.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Mucuna pruriens are influenced by its route of administration and the presence of food. After ingestion, L-DOPA is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and transported across the blood-brain barrier, where it is converted to dopamine. The peak plasma concentration typically occurs within 1 to 2 hours. The elimination half-life of L-DOPA is approximately 1.5 to 2 hours, and it is primarily metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine. Individual variations in metabolism can affect the duration and intensity of the drug's effects.

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Insomnia
• Anxiety

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of gastrointestinal disorders
• Monitor for potential interactions with CNS depressants
• Caution in patients with psychiatric conditions

Pregnancy

Insufficient data on safety during pregnancy; use only if clearly needed and after assessing risks versus benefits.

Breast-feeding

Limited information available; exercise caution and consult healthcare provider.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and moisture.

Formulations

• Powdered extract
• Capsules
• Tablet form
• Tincture

Indications

• Insecticide for agricultural use
• Household insect repellent
• Pest control in stored products

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines, as pyrethrum formulations vary widely in concentration and intended use.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines, as pyrethrum formulations vary widely in concentration and intended use.

Mechanism of action

Pyrethrum works by targeting the sodium channels in the nerve cell membranes of insects. It causes prolonged opening of these channels, leading to repetitive nerve firing, paralysis, and ultimately death of the insect. This mechanism is specific to insects due to the differences in their nervous system compared to mammals.

Pharmacodynamics

Pyrethrum exhibits a rapid onset of action, providing quick knockdown of insects. Its efficacy can vary based on formulation and environmental conditions. The toxicity to insects is significantly higher than to mammals, which is attributed to the differences in sodium channel structure and function between these groups. In mammals, pyrethrum is generally considered to have low acute toxicity, with potential irritant effects seen with high exposure.

Pharmacokinetics

The absorption and distribution of pyrethrum in humans and mammals are limited due to its low solubility in water. It tends to be rapidly metabolized by the liver, with metabolites being excreted primarily through urine. The half-life of pyrethrum in biological systems is relatively short, which contributes to its safety profile when used as directed.

Pregnancy

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether pyrethrum is excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when administering to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and out of reach of children.

Indications

• Stress management
• Reproductive health support
• Enhancement of fertility
• General tonic for health and vitality
• Anti-inflammatory conditions

Dosage

Children: Refer to established herbal guidelines and consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Adults: Refer to established herbal guidelines and consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

Racemosus exhibits its effects through various mechanisms, including the modulation of hormonal balance, particularly in the reproductive system. It is believed to influence the endocrine system, potentially increasing the levels of certain hormones like estrogen and progesterone. Additionally, it may possess antioxidant properties, which help in reducing oxidative stress in the body.

Pharmacodynamics

Racemosus demonstrates adaptogenic effects, enhancing the body's resistance to stress and promoting homeostasis. It may also exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, contributing to its use in traditional medicine for a range of ailments.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of racemosus are not well-documented in scientific literature. However, as a herbal remedy, its bioavailability and the absorption of active constituents can be influenced by factors such as preparation method and dosage form. Traditional formulations may affect the pharmacokinetic profile, impacting the onset and duration of action.

Pregnancy

The safety of racemosus during pregnancy has not been established. It is advised to use caution and consult a healthcare professional before use.

Breast-feeding

The effects of racemosus during breastfeeding are not well studied. Caution is advised, and consulting a healthcare professional is recommended.

Storage

Racemosus should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and moisture. It should be kept out of reach of children.

Indications

• Anxiety
• Stress management
• Insomnia
• Cognitive enhancement
• General well-being

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing. Pediatric dosing should be approached with caution and under professional guidance.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing. Dosages may vary based on the formulation and condition being treated.

Mechanism of action

Somnifera is believed to exert its effects through modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and reduction of cortisol levels. It may enhance the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABA receptors, contributing to its anxiolytic effects. Additionally, it may influence neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin and dopamine, promoting a balanced mood and mental clarity.

Pharmacodynamics

Somnifera exhibits a range of pharmacological effects including anti-anxiety, anti-stress, and antidepressant properties. Its adaptogenic properties help in enhancing physical and mental performance under stress. The herb has also been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may contribute to overall health benefits.

Pharmacokinetics

The active compounds in Somnifera, such as withanolides, are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. Peak plasma concentrations are generally reached within a few hours post-administration. The metabolism of these compounds is primarily through hepatic pathways, and they are excreted via urine and feces. The half-life of the active constituents can vary based on dosage and formulation.

Adverse effects

• Drowsiness
• Dizziness
• Gastrointestinal upset
• Allergic reactions

Interactions

• May potentiate the effects of sedatives and hypnotics
• Potential interaction with alcohol leading to increased sedation

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of allergies
• Monitor for excessive sedation
• Caution in patients with respiratory conditions

Pregnancy

Insufficient evidence on safety, use with caution.

Breast-feeding

Limited data, use with caution and consult a healthcare provider.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Powdered root
• Capsules
• Tablets
• Tinctures

Indications

• Libido enhancement
• Support for athletic performance
• General vitality improvement

Dosage

Children: There is insufficient evidence or guidance for pediatric dosing; consultation with a healthcare professional is recommended.

Adults: Dosage recommendations vary widely, and individuals are advised to follow product-specific instructions or consult with a healthcare provider.

Mechanism of action

Tribulus terrestris is thought to exert its effects primarily by increasing the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone. The saponins present in the plant may stimulate the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland, leading to enhanced testosterone production in the testes. This increase in testosterone may contribute to improved libido and physical performance.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of Tribulus terrestris include modulation of hormone levels, particularly testosterone and luteinizing hormone. It may enhance libido, improve mood, and potentially support muscle mass and strength when used in conjunction with exercise. The exact dose-response relationship and the full scope of its effects on human physiology require further investigation.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Tribulus terrestris, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, are not well characterized in clinical studies. However, it is generally believed that the saponins and other active compounds are readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The half-life and elimination pathways are not well defined, necessitating further research to clarify these aspects.

Pregnancy

The safety of terrestris during pregnancy has not been established. Use should be avoided unless clearly necessary.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether terrestris is excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when administering to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Low libido
• Erectile dysfunction
• Athletic performance enhancement
• Menstrual disorders

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing information.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing information.

Mechanism of action

Tribulus is thought to act through several mechanisms, primarily by increasing the levels of testosterone and other androgens in the body. This may occur through the stimulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) production, which in turn promotes testosterone synthesis in the Leydig cells of the testes. Additionally, its saponins may exert a mild diuretic effect and enhance nitric oxide production, leading to improved blood flow and muscle performance.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of Tribulus involves its interaction with androgen receptors and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The increase in testosterone levels can lead to improved libido, increased muscle mass, and enhanced physical performance. The diuretic effect may contribute to weight loss and improved body composition, although these claims require further clinical validation.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Tribulus is not thoroughly documented in the literature. However, it is believed that the active compounds are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with bioavailability potentially affected by factors such as formulation and dosage. The metabolism of steroidal saponins likely involves hepatic pathways, and elimination is presumed to occur via renal excretion, although specific studies are lacking.

Pregnancy

There is insufficient reliable information about the safety of tribulus during pregnancy. It is recommended to avoid use.

Breast-feeding

Limited information is available regarding the excretion of tribulus in breast milk. It is advisable to avoid use during breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Stress management
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Cognitive enhancement
• Physical performance improvement
• Anti-inflammatory conditions

Dosage

Children: Consult the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing information.

Adults: Dosage can vary by formulation, typically ranging from 300 mg to 600 mg of standardized extract per day, divided into two doses.

Mechanism of action

Withania acts through multiple mechanisms, including modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which helps regulate the body's stress response. It may also influence the levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), promoting an anxiolytic effect. Additionally, withanolides have been shown to interact with various cellular pathways, including those involved in inflammation and apoptosis.

Pharmacodynamics

Withania exhibits adaptogenic properties, aiding in the stabilization of physiological processes and promoting homeostasis. Its anti-inflammatory effects are attributed to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathways, thus reducing oxidative stress. It also enhances cognitive function and physical performance, potentially via neuroprotective effects on neuronal cells.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Withania are characterized by its bioactive compounds being rapidly absorbed and distributed in the body. Withanolides are metabolized by the liver and excreted primarily through urine. The half-life of these compounds can vary, influencing dosing intervals and therapeutic effects. The variations in absorption and metabolism can be influenced by formulation and individual patient factors.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal upset
• Drowsiness
• Headache
• Hypotension

Interactions

• May enhance the effects of sedatives and other CNS depressants
• Potential interaction with thyroid medications
• May affect blood sugar levels, caution with antidiabetic drugs

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with autoimmune diseases
• Monitor blood sugar levels in diabetic patients
• May cause drowsiness; caution when driving or operating heavy machinery

Pregnancy

Insufficient data on safety in pregnancy; use with caution.

Breast-feeding

Limited data available; consult a healthcare professional before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Powdered root
• Capsules
• Liquid extract
• Tincture