PRANACARE COMBINATION PRODUCT CAPSULE

Indications

• Cough
• Bronchitis
• Asthma
• Respiratory tract infections
• Inflammatory conditions

Dosage

Children: Refer to established guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Adults: Refer to established guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

The primary active components of Adhatoda, particularly vasicine and vasicinone, exhibit bronchodilator effects by relaxing the bronchial smooth muscles. They also act as mucolytics, facilitating the clearance of mucus from the respiratory tract. Furthermore, these compounds have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. This multi-faceted mechanism makes Adhatoda effective in alleviating symptoms associated with respiratory ailments.

Pharmacodynamics

Adhatoda demonstrates a range of pharmacodynamic effects, including bronchodilation, mucus secretion modulation, and anti-inflammatory action. The alkaloids enhance ciliary action in the respiratory tract, improving mucus clearance. The anti-inflammatory properties reduce airway inflammation, which is beneficial in conditions such as asthma and chronic bronchitis. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of Adhatoda may help in preventing secondary infections in respiratory diseases.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Adhatoda have not been extensively studied. However, it is known that the active compounds are absorbed after oral administration, with effects typically observed within hours. The metabolic pathways of vasicine and other alkaloids involve hepatic metabolism, and they are likely excreted in urine. The bioavailability and half-life of these compounds require further investigation to establish precise pharmacokinetic profiles.

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Skin rash

Interactions

• May interact with anticoagulants, increasing the risk of bleeding
• Potential interaction with antihypertensive medications

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of gastrointestinal disorders
• Should be used cautiously in patients with liver disease
• Monitor for potential allergic reactions

Pregnancy

Ahdatoda should be used cautiously during pregnancy. Consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding has not been established; consult a healthcare provider.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Dried leaves
• Powdered form
• Extracts

Indications

• Aromatherapy
• Flavoring agents
• Antimicrobial treatments
• Anti-inflammatory therapies
• Mood enhancement

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific aromatic compound formulations for paediatric dosing recommendations, as they can vary significantly.

Adults: Refer to specific aromatic compound formulations for recommended dosages, as they can vary significantly.

Mechanism of action

Aromatic compounds typically exert their effects through interaction with various biological targets, including receptors and enzymes. They may influence neurotransmitter systems, modulate inflammatory pathways, and exhibit antioxidant properties. The precise mechanism of action can vary significantly among different aromatic compounds, depending on their chemical structure and the biological context.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of aromatic compounds can include effects such as modulation of mood, anti-inflammatory actions, and antimicrobial properties. These compounds may affect neurotransmitter levels, such as serotonin and dopamine, leading to changes in mood and behavior. Additionally, some aromatic compounds demonstrate the ability to scavenge free radicals, thereby providing protective effects against oxidative stress.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of aromatic compounds can vary widely based on their molecular structure. Generally, they are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, and their bioavailability can be influenced by factors such as solubility and formulation. Metabolism often occurs in the liver, involving phase I and phase II reactions that can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites. Excretion typically occurs via the kidneys, although some compounds may also be excreted in bile.

Pregnancy

The safety of aromaticus during pregnancy has not been established. Caution is advised.

Breast-feeding

Aromaticus should be used with caution during breastfeeding as it is unknown whether it passes into breast milk.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Osteoporosis
• Paget's disease of bone
• Bone metastases
• Hypercalcemia of malignancy

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific clinical guidelines or BNF for Children for dosing details.

Adults: Refer to specific clinical guidelines or BNF for dosing details.

Mechanism of action

Balsamondron works by binding to hydroxyapatite in bone and inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone resorption. This leads to a decrease in bone turnover and an increase in bone mineral density. The primary mechanism involves the inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase in the mevalonate pathway, which is crucial for osteoclast function.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of balsamondron involve the alteration of bone remodeling processes. The drug leads to a decrease in serum markers of bone turnover, including osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX). This results in increased bone mineral density and a reduction in the incidence of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures in patients with osteoporosis.

Pharmacokinetics

Balsamondron is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, but its bioavailability is low, primarily due to poor absorption and extensive first-pass metabolism. The drug is rapidly distributed to the bones, where it exerts its therapeutic effects. It has a long half-life due to its strong binding affinity to bone tissue. Renal excretion is the primary route of elimination, necessitating caution in patients with impaired renal function.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to balsamondron or any of its components
• Severe renal impairment
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)
• Muscle and joint pain
• Osteonecrosis of the jaw
• Hypocalcemia
• Skin reactions (rash, itching)

Interactions

• Antacids may reduce absorption of balsamondron
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may increase the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects
• Other medications affecting calcium levels may have additive effects

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of gastrointestinal disorders
• Monitor renal function prior to and during treatment
• Ensure adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
• Caution in patients with a history of dental problems

Pregnancy

Balsamondron should not be used during pregnancy due to potential harm to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known if balsamondron is excreted in human milk. Caution is advised.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Oral tablets
• Intravenous injection

Indications

• Cognitive enhancement
• Mild stimulant effects
• Cultural and social practices

Dosage

Adults: Dosing varies widely based on cultural practices and individual tolerance; general guidelines should be sought from traditional practices and health professionals.

Mechanism of action

The primary psychoactive components in betle are arecoline from areca nut and other alkaloids. Arecoline acts as a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, stimulating parasympathetic nervous system activity, which can enhance cognitive functions and induce euphoria. The stimulation of these receptors can lead to increased salivation, heart rate, and gastrointestinal motility. Additionally, the combination of areca nut and betel leaf may exert antioxidant effects, but the overall health risks often outweigh these potential benefits.

Pharmacodynamics

Betle induces various physiological effects, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, enhanced alertness, and potential mood elevation. The stimulating effects are primarily attributed to the arecoline content, which activates cholinergic pathways. Long-term use is associated with dependence and tolerance, as well as adverse effects such as oral mucosal lesions, discoloration of teeth, and increased risk for various cancers, particularly in the oral cavity and esophagus.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of betle components can vary based on individual metabolism and the specific formulation of betle quid. Arecoline is rapidly absorbed through the oral mucosa, leading to quick onset of effects. It is metabolized primarily in the liver, and its half-life can vary significantly. The elimination of arecoline and other alkaloids occurs through hepatic metabolism and renal excretion, although specific values for half-life and elimination rates are not well established due to variability in consumption patterns and preparation methods.

Pregnancy

Betel nut is not recommended during pregnancy due to potential risks to fetal development and maternal health.

Breast-feeding

Caution is advised when using betel nut while breastfeeding as its effects on nursing infants are not well studied.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Asthma
• Glaucoma
• Obesity
• Hypertension
• Heart failure

Dosage

Children: Refer to established clinical guidelines or consult a healthcare provider for appropriate dosing.

Adults: Refer to established clinical guidelines or consult a healthcare provider for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

Forskolin activates adenylate cyclase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic AMP (cAMP). Increased levels of cAMP lead to enhanced activation of protein kinase A (PKA), which subsequently influences various signaling pathways related to lipolysis, vasodilation, and cardiac contractility.

Pharmacodynamics

Coleus has been observed to exert a variety of pharmacological effects, including increased heart rate, improved cardiac output, and bronchodilation. It may also facilitate weight loss by enhancing lipolysis through increased cAMP levels, which activates hormone-sensitive lipase, a key enzyme in fat metabolism. Additionally, its vasodilatory effects can contribute to improved blood flow and reduced blood pressure.

Pharmacokinetics

The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of coleus and its active constituent, forskolin, can vary based on formulation and route of administration. Forskolin is rapidly absorbed following oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations typically occurring within 1-2 hours. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily through the urine. The half-life of forskolin is relatively short, necessitating multiple doses for sustained effects.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to coleus or any of its components
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal disturbances, including nausea and diarrhea
• Hypotension
• Tachycardia
• Headache
• Allergic reactions

Interactions

• May enhance the effects of antihypertensive medications
• Potential interactions with anticoagulants, increasing bleeding risk
• May affect blood sugar levels, interacting with diabetes medications

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with cardiovascular disorders
• Monitor blood pressure regularly in patients using antihypertensives
• Caution in patients with diabetes or those undergoing surgery

Pregnancy

There is insufficient reliable information regarding the safety of coleus in pregnancy. Avoid use unless prescribed by a healthcare professional.

Breast-feeding

Limited information is available; avoid use unless prescribed by a healthcare professional.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Oral capsules
• Liquid extracts
• Powdered formulations

Indications

• Chronic pain management
• Anxiety disorders
• Sleep disorders
• Nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy
• Appetite stimulation in patients with cachexia

Dosage

Adults: Dosage varies widely based on form of administration and individual response. It is recommended to start with a low dose and gradually increase as needed, under guidance from a healthcare provider.

Mechanism of action

The primary active compounds in Indica cannabis are THC and CBD, which exert their effects by interacting with the endocannabinoid system. THC binds to cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) in the brain and peripheral tissues, leading to psychoactive effects and modulation of pain, mood, and appetite. CBD has a more complex mechanism, acting as a negative allosteric modulator of the CB1 receptor and influencing multiple neurotransmitter systems, which contributes to its anxiolytic and anti-inflammatory properties.

Pharmacodynamics

Indica strains may produce a range of effects including sedation, pain relief, and relaxation. The balance of THC and CBD can influence the overall experience, with higher THC levels typically associated with stronger psychoactive effects. The sedative properties of Indica strains are often attributed to their ability to enhance GABAergic transmission, which can lead to decreased neural excitability and promote sleep.

Pharmacokinetics

Cannabinoids are typically administered via inhalation, oral consumption, or topical application, with bioavailability varying by method. When smoked or vaporized, THC reaches peak plasma concentrations within minutes, while oral ingestion leads to a delayed onset of effects due to first-pass metabolism in the liver. The elimination half-life of THC is variable, ranging from 1 to 10 days, influenced by factors such as frequency of use and individual metabolism. CBD has a longer half-life and is extensively metabolized in the liver, affecting its pharmacokinetic profile.

Pregnancy

The safety of indica during pregnancy has not been established. Use should be approached with caution, and potential risks should be weighed against benefits.

Breast-feeding

The effects of indica on breastfeeding infants are not well documented. Caution is advised, and mothers should consult healthcare professionals before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Gut dysbiosis
• Support for immune function
• Enhancement of gut health

Dosage

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines and consult a healthcare professional for dosing recommendations, as doses can vary based on formulation and intended

Mechanism of action

Bifidobacterium longum exerts its beneficial effects primarily through the modulation of the gut microbiota. It helps in the fermentation of dietary fibers, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that nourish colon cells and maintain gut barrier integrity. Moreover, it competes for adhesion sites and nutrients against pathogenic bacteria, thereby inhibiting their growth. This strain also has immunomodulatory effects, enhancing the host's immune response by promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the activity of immune cells.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of Bifidobacterium longum involve its ability to balance the gut microbiome, enhance mucosal immunity, and improve intestinal permeability. It has been shown to lower the pH of the gut, creating an unfavorable environment for pathogenic organisms. Additionally, it can alleviate symptoms associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diarrhea, and constipation by promoting regular bowel movements and reducing inflammation in the gut.

Pharmacokinetics

Bifidobacterium longum is not absorbed into the systemic circulation but acts locally within the gastrointestinal tract. Its effects are primarily exerted in the intestines, where it colonizes and interacts with the gut environment. The survival and efficacy of this probiotic can be influenced by factors such as the formulation, dosage, and the individual's existing gut microbiota. Generally, ingestion of probiotics leads to transient colonization, with the bacteria being excreted in feces within a few days after discontinuation of use.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established. Consult healthcare professionals before use.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding has not been established. Consult healthcare professionals before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and moisture.

Indications

• Topical treatment of wounds
• Oral health maintenance (e.g., gingivitis, mouth ulcers)
• Anti-inflammatory applications
• Analgesic purposes

Dosage

Children: For children, it is essential to consult a healthcare provider for appropriate dosing and formulations, as specific pediatric dosing guidelines are not well-established.

Adults: For topical use, myrrh can be applied directly to the affected area as needed. For oral health, a diluted solution can be used as a mouth rinse. Specific dosing should be guided by a qualified healthcare professional.

Mechanism of action

The active compounds in myrrh, including sesquiterpenes and essential oils, exert their effects primarily through modulation of inflammatory pathways. They may inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, contributing to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, myrrh has been shown to possess antimicrobial properties by disrupting the cell membranes of certain pathogens.

Pharmacodynamics

Myrrh exhibits analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, which can be attributed to its ability to modulate pain pathways and reduce inflammation. Its antimicrobial activity helps in preventing infections, making it useful in wound healing and oral health applications. The resin's antioxidant properties also contribute to its overall therapeutic potential.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of myrrh are not extensively studied, but it is believed that the active components are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract when ingested. The metabolism of myrrh likely involves hepatic pathways, but specific details regarding half-life and excretion are not well-defined. Myrrh essential oil can be absorbed transdermally, with systemic effects depending on the route of administration.

Pregnancy

Myrrah is not well-studied in pregnancy. It is advisable to avoid its use unless clearly needed, as safety data is lacking.

Breast-feeding

The effects of myrrah during breastfeeding are not well documented. Caution is advised.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Digestive disorders
• Respiratory conditions
• Antimicrobial therapy
• Anti-inflammatory support
• Stress relief

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific herbal preparation guidelines; there is no standard paediatric dose for Ocimum.

Adults: Refer to specific herbal preparation guidelines; there is no standard adult dose for Ocimum.

Mechanism of action

The pharmacological effects of Ocimum are primarily attributed to its essential oil constituents, such as eugenol, linalool, and other phenolic compounds. These compounds exert their effects through the modulation of various signaling pathways, including the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the promotion of antioxidant defense mechanisms. The antimicrobial properties are believed to arise from the disruption of microbial cell membranes and interference with metabolic processes.

Pharmacodynamics

Ocimum exhibits a range of pharmacodynamic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. The essential oils have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, which can be beneficial in managing conditions related to chronic inflammation. Additionally, the herb may promote digestive health by enhancing gastrointestinal motility and reducing symptoms of dyspepsia.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Ocimum's active constituents vary, but generally, essential oils are readily absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in the liver. The bioavailability of these compounds can be influenced by the method of preparation (e.g., fresh, dried, or extract form) and the presence of other food components. The elimination half-life is also variable and dependent on the specific compounds involved.

Pregnancy

Limited data is available on the safety of Ocimum during pregnancy. It is advisable to use with caution and consult a healthcare provider.

Breast-feeding

Due to lack of sufficient evidence, it is recommended to consult a healthcare provider before use during breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Essential oil
• Dried leaves
• Tincture
• Powder

Indications

• Uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing in paediatric patients.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Piperaquine acts by interfering with the heme detoxification process in the malaria parasite. It accumulates within the food vacuole of the parasite and inhibits the conversion of toxic heme into non-toxic hemozoin. This accumulation of free heme leads to oxidative stress and cellular damage, ultimately resulting in the death of the parasite.

Pharmacodynamics

Piperaquine demonstrates a dose-dependent response in its antimalarial activity. It is effective against the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium species, with a prolonged half-life that allows for once-weekly dosing in some regimens. The drug's efficacy is influenced by the rate of parasite clearance and the patient's immune response.

Pharmacokinetics

Piperaquine is well-absorbed following oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations typically occurring within 4 to 6 hours. It has a long elimination half-life, which can range from 10 to 30 days, allowing for sustained plasma levels. The drug is metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily in the feces, with a smaller fraction eliminated in the urine. Its pharmacokinetics can be significantly affected by drug interactions, particularly those that alter hepatic metabolism.

Interactions

• grapefruit juice: Severe (increases concentration)
• mitotane: Severe (decreases concentration)
• St. John's wort: Severe (decreases concentration)
• rifampicin: Severe (decreases concentration)
• dronedarone: Unknown (increases concentration)
• cobicistat: Unknown (increases concentration)
• crizotinib: Unknown (increases concentration)
• idelalisib: Unknown (increases concentration)
• imatinib: Unknown (increases concentration)
• letermovir: Unknown (increases concentration)

Pregnancy

Consult with a healthcare professional regarding the use of piper during pregnancy.

Breast-feeding

Consult with a healthcare professional regarding the use of piper during breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• {'name': 'Piperaquine', 'class': 'Penicillins', 'molecular_formula': 'C38H36N4O4'}

Dosage

Children: Specific dosing information for paediatric patients is not available. It is advisable to consult paediatric dosing guidelines or healthcare professionals for appropriate dosing recommendations.

Adults: Specific dosing information for adults is not available. It is recommended to refer to clinical guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism of action of Sanctum is currently unclear. However, it may involve modulation of specific biochemical pathways or receptors that influence physiological processes related to its therapeutic effects. Further studies are needed to elucidate its pharmacological properties.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics of Sanctum may involve interactions with cellular receptors or enzymes that lead to altered cellular functions. These interactions could affect various biological systems, potentially resulting in therapeutic outcomes. The specific pharmacodynamic profile remains to be characterized.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic properties of Sanctum, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, have not been well-defined in the literature. It is essential to conduct comprehensive studies to determine how the drug behaves in the body and its potential impact on therapeutic effectiveness.

Indications

• Allergic rhinitis
• Asthma
• Chronic bronchitis
• Other inflammatory respiratory conditions

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific clinical guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Adults: Refer to specific clinical guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

Tylophora is believed to exert its effects through modulation of the immune response, particularly by influencing cytokine production and T-cell function. This immunomodulatory effect may help reduce inflammation in allergic responses and respiratory conditions. The exact molecular pathways are not fully understood, and more research is required to clarify its mechanism.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of tylophora involve its ability to affect immune system activity, potentially reducing hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation. The active components may interact with various receptors and signaling pathways involved in immune response regulation, thereby altering the course of allergic and inflammatory diseases.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of tylophora, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, have not been thoroughly studied. It is known to be a herbal remedy, and its bioavailability is likely influenced by the method of preparation and administration. Further detailed pharmacokinetic studies are needed to provide a comprehensive understanding of its behavior in the human body.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to tylophora or any of its components
• Severe liver impairment

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Allergic reactions

Interactions

• May enhance the effects of sedatives and CNS depressants
• Potential interaction with other respiratory medications

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment
• Monitor for signs of allergic reactions
• Consider risks in patients with respiratory conditions

Pregnancy

Limited data available on safety in pregnancy; use only if clearly needed and potential benefits justify risks.

Breast-feeding

Unknown if excreted in human milk; exercise caution when administering to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store in a tightly closed container at room temperature, away from moisture and heat.

Formulations

• Tylophora extract tablets
• Tylophora extract capsules

Indications

• Asthma
• Chronic bronchitis
• Cough
• Respiratory tract infections

Dosage

Children: Refer to relevant clinical guidelines and herbal medicine references for appropriate dosing information.

Adults: Refer to relevant clinical guidelines and herbal medicine references for appropriate dosing information.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of vasicine involves the inhibition of inflammatory mediators and the relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle. This results in bronchodilation, which helps alleviate symptoms of bronchospasm. Additionally, vasicine has been shown to possess antitussive properties, reducing cough and promoting the expulsion of mucus from the respiratory tract.

Pharmacodynamics

Vasica exhibits anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, and expectorant effects. Its active compounds facilitate the relaxation of the bronchial muscles, enhance mucociliary clearance, and suppress cough reflexes. The pharmacological actions contribute to improved airway patency and respiratory function in patients with obstructive airway diseases.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of vasicine include its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, though specific data on its pharmacokinetic profile are limited. Vasicine is likely absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and may undergo hepatic metabolism. Its elimination half-life and specific metabolic pathways have not been extensively studied, warranting further research to fully elucidate these aspects.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal disturbances
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Headache
• Allergic reactions

Precautions

• Monitor for allergic reactions in patients with a history of hypersensitivity
• Use with caution in patients with gastrointestinal disorders

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established. Use only if clearly needed and after assessing risks versus benefits.

Breast-feeding

It is unknown whether vasica is excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when administering to breastfeeding women.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Oral tablets
• Liquid extract
• Syrup