EXTRAMMUNE

Indications

• COVID-19
• SARS-CoV-2 infection

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations in paediatric patients.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing recommendations based on clinical guidelines.

Mechanism of action

Nirmatrelvir is a selective inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). By binding to the active site of this enzyme, nirmatrelvir prevents the cleavage of viral polyproteins, which is essential for the maturation of the virus. This ultimately inhibits viral replication.

Pharmacodynamics

Nirmatrelvir exhibits antiviral activity by specifically targeting the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. The inhibition of Mpro disrupts the viral life cycle, reducing the viral load in the body. The potency of nirmatrelvir is enhanced by ritonavir, which prolongs its action by slowing its metabolism.

Pharmacokinetics

Nirmatrelvir is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. The bioavailability is increased when combined with ritonavir, which inhibits CYP3A4, the enzyme responsible for nirmatrelvir's metabolism. The half-life of nirmatrelvir is approximately 7 hours, allowing for twice-daily dosing. It is primarily excreted via feces and urine, with minimal renal clearance.

Interactions

• nirmatrelvir boosted with ritonavir and containing ethinylestradiol: Unknown (decreases concentration)

Indications

• Stress relief
• Anxiety management
• Cognitive enhancement
• Improvement of physical performance
• Support for immune function

Dosage

Children: Refer to established herbal guidelines or consult with a healthcare provider for appropriate dosing.

Adults: Refer to established herbal guidelines or consult with a healthcare provider for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

The primary active compounds in Cordifolia are known as withanolides, which exhibit a variety of pharmacological effects. These compounds modulate several signaling pathways, including the inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This modulation leads to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. Additionally, withanolides may influence neurotransmitter levels, thereby aiding in mood regulation and cognitive enhancement.

Pharmacodynamics

Cordifolia demonstrates adaptogenic effects, helping the body resist stressors of various kinds. It has been shown to improve physical endurance, enhance memory and cognitive function, and exert a calming effect on the nervous system. The herb also exhibits immunomodulatory properties, promoting a healthy immune response while reducing inflammation.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Cordifolia are not extensively studied compared to conventional pharmaceuticals. However, it is generally understood that withanolides are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, undergo hepatic metabolism, and are excreted primarily through urine and feces. The bioavailability of these compounds can be affected by various factors, including formulation and dosage form.

Pregnancy

Insufficient data available; consult healthcare provider.

Breast-feeding

Insufficient data available; consult healthcare provider.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Inflammatory conditions
• Cancer prevention and treatment
• Antioxidant therapy
• Digestive disorders
• Cardiovascular health

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate pediatric dosing recommendations.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing guidelines, as dosages can vary based on the formulation and clinical indication.

Mechanism of action

Curcumin acts as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, including hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, and inhibits lipid peroxidation as well as peroxide-induced DNA damage. It exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effects by modulating various signaling molecules. Curcumin inhibits protein kinases, c-Jun/AP-1 activation, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activity, impacting cellular signal transduction pathways related to growth and malignant transformation.

Pharmacodynamics

In experimental animal models, curcumin has demonstrated significant pharmacological effects, such as increasing bile flow and inhibiting inflammation and edema formation. It has been shown to decrease cell proliferation and promote apoptosis in cancer cells. Additionally, curcumin inhibits platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, suggesting its role in cardiovascular health.

Pharmacokinetics

Curcumin's pharmacokinetics are characterized by low bioavailability due to rapid metabolism and systemic elimination. It undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, leading to the production of several metabolites. The absorption of curcumin can be enhanced by co-administration with piperine. Oral bioavailability remains a challenge, which has led to the exploration of various formulations to improve its therapeutic efficacy.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal disturbances
• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Allergic reactions

Interactions

• May enhance the effects of anticoagulants
• Potential interaction with antidiabetic medications
• May interfere with the metabolism of certain drugs due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with gallbladder disease
• Monitor patients on anticoagulant therapy
• Caution in patients with diabetes due to potential hypoglycemic effects

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established, caution is advised.

Breast-feeding

Curcumin may be excreted in breast milk, caution is advised.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light.

Formulations

• Powder
• Capsules
• Tablets
• Liquid extracts

Indications

• Hyperlipidemia
• Obesity
• Atherosclerosis
• Hypothyroidism
• Arthritis

Dosage

Children: Refer to established guidelines and consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Adults: Refer to established guidelines and consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

Guggulsterone, the active compound in guggul, acts as a ligand for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and has been shown to modulate various signaling pathways involved in lipid metabolism. This action helps increase the breakdown of cholesterol and promotes the clearance of lipids from the bloodstream. Additionally, guggul exhibits antioxidant properties and may influence the secretion of thyroid hormones, thereby enhancing metabolic rate.

Pharmacodynamics

Guggul's effects on lipid metabolism can lead to decreased levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and total cholesterol in the blood. It may also have anti-inflammatory properties, which can be beneficial in conditions characterized by chronic inflammation. The overall impact on metabolism can contribute to weight loss and improved cardiovascular health.

Pharmacokinetics

The bioavailability of guggul is influenced by its formulation and the presence of other compounds. After oral administration, guggulsterones are absorbed and metabolized in the liver. They undergo phase I and II metabolization, leading to various metabolites that may exert biological effects. The elimination half-life and excretion pathways are not well-characterized, and more research is needed to fully understand its pharmacokinetic profile.

Adverse effects

• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Headache
• Skin rash
• Allergic reactions

Interactions

• May enhance the effects of anticoagulants
• May interact with medications that alter liver enzymes
• Potential interaction with thyroid medications

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with liver disease
• Monitor thyroid function in patients on thyroid medications
• Assess for possible allergic reactions

Pregnancy

The safety of guggul during pregnancy has not been established. It is advisable to avoid use unless prescribed by a healthcare provider.

Breast-feeding

The effects of guggul during breastfeeding are not well studied. Caution is advised.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Guggul resin capsules
• Guggul extract tablets
• Guggul powder

Indications

• Anxiety
• Insomnia
• Nutritional supplement
• Antioxidant support
• Immune system support

Dosage

Children: Refer to authoritative sources for specific dosing information.

Adults: Refer to authoritative sources for specific dosing information.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of Longan is not fully elucidated, but it is believed to exert its effects through the modulation of neurotransmitters, particularly influencing serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathways. The fruit is rich in antioxidants, which may contribute to its protective effects against oxidative stress.

Pharmacodynamics

Longan is known for its high content of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, including vitamin C, B vitamins, and polyphenols. These compounds may enhance immune function, promote nervous system health, and improve skin health. Its calming effects may be attributed to constituents that influence neurotransmitter activity.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Longan is not well-studied, but as a food source, it is likely to be absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. The bioavailability of its active compounds may vary depending on preparation methods (fresh, dried, or processed). The metabolism and excretion pathways are not clearly defined in the literature.

Pregnancy

Insufficient data on the safety of longa during pregnancy. Consult a healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Insufficient data on the excretion of longa in human milk. Caution is advised when using during breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Gut dysbiosis
• Support for immune function
• Enhancement of gut health

Dosage

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines and consult a healthcare professional for dosing recommendations, as doses can vary based on formulation and intended

Mechanism of action

Bifidobacterium longum exerts its beneficial effects primarily through the modulation of the gut microbiota. It helps in the fermentation of dietary fibers, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that nourish colon cells and maintain gut barrier integrity. Moreover, it competes for adhesion sites and nutrients against pathogenic bacteria, thereby inhibiting their growth. This strain also has immunomodulatory effects, enhancing the host's immune response by promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the activity of immune cells.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of Bifidobacterium longum involve its ability to balance the gut microbiome, enhance mucosal immunity, and improve intestinal permeability. It has been shown to lower the pH of the gut, creating an unfavorable environment for pathogenic organisms. Additionally, it can alleviate symptoms associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diarrhea, and constipation by promoting regular bowel movements and reducing inflammation in the gut.

Pharmacokinetics

Bifidobacterium longum is not absorbed into the systemic circulation but acts locally within the gastrointestinal tract. Its effects are primarily exerted in the intestines, where it colonizes and interacts with the gut environment. The survival and efficacy of this probiotic can be influenced by factors such as the formulation, dosage, and the individual's existing gut microbiota. Generally, ingestion of probiotics leads to transient colonization, with the bacteria being excreted in feces within a few days after discontinuation of use.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established. Consult healthcare professionals before use.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding has not been established. Consult healthcare professionals before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and moisture.

Indications

• Gastrointestinal disorders
• Respiratory issues
• Anti-inflammatory treatment
• Pain relief
• Antioxidant support

Dosage

Children: Due to the potential toxicity of certain parts of the nigrum plant, pediatric dosing should be approached with caution and under medical supervision. It is recommended to refer to established pediatric guidelines for specific dosing information.

Adults: Dosing for nigrum varies depending on the preparation and specific condition being treated. Generally, it is advised to consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing based on individual needs.

Mechanism of action

Nigrum contains several bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, glycosides, and flavonoids. These compounds are believed to exert their effects through various biochemical pathways, including modulation of neurotransmitter activity, inhibition of inflammatory cytokines, and antioxidant activity, which may contribute to its therapeutic properties.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of nigrum are primarily due to its active constituents that interact with various receptors and enzymes in the body. The anti-inflammatory properties are thought to arise from the inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and the modulation of nitric oxide production. Additionally, nigrum may have analgesic and sedative effects, attributed to its interaction with the central nervous system.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of nigrum have not been extensively studied. However, it is known that the bioavailability of plant extracts can vary based on the method of preparation and individual metabolism. Generally, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of its active compounds will depend on factors such as the specific preparation used and the individual's physiological characteristics.

Pregnancy

The safety of nigrum during pregnancy has not been established. Use with caution and only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether nigrum is excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when administering to breastfeeding mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Wound healing
• Oral health (e.g., gingivitis, mouth ulcers)
• Anti-inflammatory conditions
• Gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., dyspepsia)
• Antimicrobial applications

Dosage

Children: Refer to established herbal guidelines as specific dosing information may vary based on preparation and condition being treated.

Adults: Refer to established herbal guidelines as specific dosing information may vary based on preparation and condition being treated.

Mechanism of action

The active compounds in officinale, such as resins and essential oils, exhibit their effects through various mechanisms, including the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and modulation of immune responses. These actions contribute to its analgesic and antimicrobial properties, making it beneficial in treating wounds and oral infections.

Pharmacodynamics

Myrrh has demonstrated a range of pharmacodynamic effects, including analgesia, anti-inflammatory activity, and antimicrobial action. The resin contains various terpenoids and phenolic compounds, which interact with biological pathways to exert these effects. Studies suggest that myrrh may inhibit the growth of certain bacteria and fungi, as well as reduce inflammation by blocking the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of myrrh are not well-defined due to variability in preparation and formulation. However, it is generally believed that the compounds are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract when ingested, with some components potentially being metabolized in the liver. The onset of action may vary depending on the method of administration, with topical applications likely providing localized effects.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established; consult a healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Consult a healthcare provider before using, as safety during breastfeeding is not well established.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Uncomplicated malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing in paediatric patients.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Piperaquine acts by interfering with the heme detoxification process in the malaria parasite. It accumulates within the food vacuole of the parasite and inhibits the conversion of toxic heme into non-toxic hemozoin. This accumulation of free heme leads to oxidative stress and cellular damage, ultimately resulting in the death of the parasite.

Pharmacodynamics

Piperaquine demonstrates a dose-dependent response in its antimalarial activity. It is effective against the asexual blood stages of Plasmodium species, with a prolonged half-life that allows for once-weekly dosing in some regimens. The drug's efficacy is influenced by the rate of parasite clearance and the patient's immune response.

Pharmacokinetics

Piperaquine is well-absorbed following oral administration, with peak plasma concentrations typically occurring within 4 to 6 hours. It has a long elimination half-life, which can range from 10 to 30 days, allowing for sustained plasma levels. The drug is metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily in the feces, with a smaller fraction eliminated in the urine. Its pharmacokinetics can be significantly affected by drug interactions, particularly those that alter hepatic metabolism.

Interactions

• grapefruit juice: Severe (increases concentration)
• mitotane: Severe (decreases concentration)
• St. John's wort: Severe (decreases concentration)
• rifampicin: Severe (decreases concentration)
• dronedarone: Unknown (increases concentration)
• cobicistat: Unknown (increases concentration)
• crizotinib: Unknown (increases concentration)
• idelalisib: Unknown (increases concentration)
• imatinib: Unknown (increases concentration)
• letermovir: Unknown (increases concentration)

Pregnancy

Consult with a healthcare professional regarding the use of piper during pregnancy.

Breast-feeding

Consult with a healthcare professional regarding the use of piper during breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• {'name': 'Piperaquine', 'class': 'Penicillins', 'molecular_formula': 'C38H36N4O4'}

Indications

• Cancer treatment
• Anti-inflammatory therapy
• Antimicrobial infections
• Antioxidant support

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific prescribing guidelines for appropriate dosing.

Adults: Refer to specific prescribing guidelines for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

Plumbagin, the primary bioactive compound in Plumbago, exerts its effects through several mechanisms, including the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells, inhibition of NF-kB signaling, and modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. It is believed to interfere with cellular signaling pathways that promote cell survival and proliferation, leading to cell death in malignant cells.

Pharmacodynamics

Plumbagin demonstrates various pharmacodynamic properties, including cytotoxic effects against certain cancer cell lines. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of tumor cells, induce oxidative stress, and modulate immune responses. Its anti-inflammatory properties may also contribute to its therapeutic potential in various diseases.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of plumbagin include absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, although detailed human studies are limited. Plumbagin is lipophilic, allowing it to cross cell membranes easily. It undergoes metabolism in the liver, and its elimination half-life can vary based on the route of administration. More research is needed to fully elucidate its pharmacokinetic profile.

Pregnancy

There is insufficient data on the use of plumbago during pregnancy. Caution is advised.

Breast-feeding

There is limited information regarding the excretion of plumbago components in breast milk. Use with caution.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Anti-inflammatory conditions
• Antimicrobial applications
• Antioxidant support
• Traditional dyeing agent

Dosage

Children: Refer to established herbal dosage guidelines or consult with a healthcare professional.

Adults: Refer to established herbal dosage guidelines or consult with a healthcare professional.

Mechanism of action

The active compounds in Rubia tinctorum, particularly anthraquinones, are believed to exert their effects through several mechanisms. These include inhibition of certain enzymes, modulation of inflammatory pathways, and interaction with cellular signaling pathways. The compounds may also exhibit antioxidant properties, contributing to their therapeutic potential.

Pharmacodynamics

Rubia tinctorum has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. The anthraquinones can influence various biological pathways, potentially leading to the modulation of immune responses and the reduction of oxidative stress in cells. Its effects may vary based on the dosage and preparation used.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Rubia tinctorum have not been extensively studied. However, it is understood that the bioavailability of its active compounds may be influenced by factors such as their solubility and stability in the gastrointestinal tract. Metabolism typically occurs in the liver, and excretion is primarily via the kidneys. Specific half-life and elimination data are not well documented.

Pregnancy

There is limited data on the safety of rubia during pregnancy. It is advisable to avoid use unless the potential benefits outweigh the risks.

Breast-feeding

The excretion of rubia in human milk is unknown. Caution is advised when used during breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Diabetes mellitus
• Chronic infections
• Inflammatory conditions
• Immunomodulation
• Antioxidant support

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific traditional or herbal medicine guidelines, as there is no standardized dosage established in clinical settings.

Adults: Refer to specific traditional or herbal medicine guidelines, as there is no standardized dosage established in clinical settings.

Mechanism of action

The active compounds in Tinospora, such as tinosporide and other alkaloids, interact with various molecular pathways. They are believed to modulate immune responses by affecting the activity of immune cells, enhancing phagocytosis and promoting the production of cytokines. Additionally, the compounds may exhibit antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress.

Pharmacodynamics

Tinospora exerts various pharmacodynamic effects including immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory actions, and potential blood glucose-lowering effects. Its immunomodulatory effects may help enhance the body's defense against infections and diseases. The anti-inflammatory properties can contribute to the alleviation of symptoms in conditions such as arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Tinospora, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, are not well-characterized in the literature. However, it is known that the active components are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. The metabolites may be processed by the liver, and the elimination half-life can vary. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the pharmacokinetic profile of Tinospora extracts.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal upset
• Hypoglycemia
• Allergic reactions

Interactions

• May enhance the effects of antidiabetic medications, increasing the risk of hypoglycemia
• Potential interaction with immunosuppressants due to its immune-modulating effects

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with diabetes due to potential hypoglycemic effects
• Monitor for allergic reactions in sensitive individuals

Pregnancy

Limited clinical data is available. Caution is advised due to insufficient evidence of safety.

Breast-feeding

Insufficient data available. Caution is advised as it may affect milk production or composition.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture.

Formulations

• Oral extract
• Powdered form
• Capsules

Indications

• Dyspepsia
• Loss of appetite
• Digestive disorders
• Respiratory ailments
• Metabolic support

Dosage

Children: Refer to established herbal guidelines or consult a qualified practitioner for specific dosing information.

Adults: Refer to established herbal guidelines or consult a qualified practitioner for specific dosing information.

Mechanism of action

The active compounds in trikatu, such as piperine from black pepper and piperlongumine from long pepper, enhance bioavailability and absorption of nutrients and other compounds. They may stimulate digestive enzymes and increase gastric motility, leading to improved digestion. Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties and can help alleviate gastrointestinal discomfort. Collectively, these components may also facilitate mucosal health in the respiratory tract.

Pharmacodynamics

Trikatu exhibits various pharmacological effects, including stimulating digestion and metabolism, promoting appetite, and exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The presence of piperine is known to enhance the efficacy and absorption of other therapeutic agents, making trikatu a valuable adjunct in various treatment regimens.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of trikatu as a whole has not been extensively studied. However, the individual components have demonstrated rapid absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Piperine, for instance, is rapidly absorbed and extensively metabolized in the liver, influencing the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drugs. The half-life of piperine is relatively short, necessitating frequent dosing for sustained effects.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal upset
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Allergic reactions

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with gastrointestinal conditions
• Consider potential interactions with anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents

Pregnancy

Trikatu should be used with caution during pregnancy due to limited safety data.

Breast-feeding

Consult a healthcare provider before use while breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Powder
• Capsules
• Tablets

Indications

• Constipation
• Digestive disorders
• Detoxification
• Antioxidant support
• Immune enhancement

Dosage

Children: For children, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing recommendations, as specific pediatric doses may vary based on age and condition.

Adults: General guidance suggests starting with 1-2 teaspoons of triphala powder mixed in warm water, taken once or twice daily. For specific dosing, refer to established guidelines.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of triphala is attributed to its rich polyphenolic content, vitamins, and minerals. It exhibits antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals, thus reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, triphala has been shown to modulate gut microbiota, improve digestion, and promote regular bowel movements by enhancing peristalsis. It may also possess anti-inflammatory properties that contribute to its therapeutic effects.

Pharmacodynamics

Triphala demonstrates a variety of pharmacodynamic effects. Its components exhibit laxative properties, which help alleviate constipation. Amla is known for its high vitamin C content and immune-boosting effects, while haritaki is recognized for its digestive and detoxifying properties. The combined action of these fruits provides a synergistic effect, enhancing gastrointestinal function and supporting overall health.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of triphala have not been extensively studied in clinical settings. However, it is generally believed that the absorption and bioavailability of its active constituents occur in the gastrointestinal tract. The metabolites exert their effects locally within the gut, while some components may enter systemic circulation, contributing to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The elimination pathway is primarily through the gastrointestinal tract.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal upset
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal cramping
• Nausea

Interactions

• May enhance the effects of anticoagulants
• May affect the absorption of other medications due to its laxative effects

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with gastrointestinal disorders
• Patients on anticoagulant therapy should consult a healthcare provider before use

Pregnancy

Consult a healthcare provider before use, as safety during pregnancy has not been established.

Breast-feeding

Consult a healthcare provider before use, as safety during breastfeeding has not been established.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Powder
• Capsules
• Tablets
• Liquid extract

Indications

• Anti-inflammatory
• Antioxidant
• Antimicrobial
• Digestive aid
• Cough and cold relief
• Blood sugar control

Dosage

Children: Refer

Adults: Refer to established sources for specific dosing guidelines based on the intended use.

Mechanism of action

The primary active compounds in zeylanica include cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and coumarin. Cinnamaldehyde exerts its effects by modulating various signaling pathways, including the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the induction of antioxidant enzymes. It also interacts with the TRPA1 receptor, contributing to its analgesic properties. Eugenol has been shown to have antimicrobial effects by disrupting bacterial cell membranes and inhibiting biofilm formation, while coumarin has anticoagulant and vasodilatory effects.

Pharmacodynamics

Zeylanica demonstrates a range of pharmacodynamic effects, primarily attributed to its active constituents. It exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha and IL-6. The antioxidant capacity of zeylanica helps in scavenging free radicals, thereby protecting cells from oxidative stress. Additionally, its antimicrobial activity makes it effective against various pathogens, contributing to its traditional use in treating infections.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of zeylanica involve the absorption of its active compounds through the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. The bioavailability of cinnamaldehyde is influenced by its solubility and metabolic pathways, which include glucuronidation and sulfation. The half-life of these compounds can vary, depending on the individual's metabolism and the formulation used. Elimination primarily occurs via hepatic metabolism, with metabolites excreted through urine. However, specific pharmacokinetic parameters for zeylanica are not well-established in clinical studies.

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established. Use only if potential benefits justify the risks.

Breast-feeding

It is unknown whether zeylanica is excreted in human milk. Caution is advised.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness
• Nausea in pregnancy (morning sickness)
• Post-operative nausea and vomiting
• Osteoarthritis and other inflammatory joint conditions
• Dyspepsia and gastrointestinal discomfort

Dosage

Children: Refer to established guidelines and consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing based on formulation and indication.

Adults: Refer to established guidelines and consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing based on formulation and indication.

Mechanism of action

Ginger contains bioactive compounds, including gingerol and shogaol, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The mechanism of action involves the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, such as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, leading to reduced inflammation. Ginger also enhances gastrointestinal motility and may exert a protective effect on the gastric mucosa.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of ginger are primarily attributed to its active constituents, which modulate various physiological pathways. Gingerol and shogaol have been shown to influence the release of serotonin and other neurotransmitters, thereby alleviating nausea. Additionally, ginger's antioxidant properties help to mitigate oxidative stress in cells, contributing to its anti-inflammatory effects.

Pharmacokinetics

Ginger is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations of its active compounds occurring within 1-2 hours after ingestion. The bioavailability of gingerol and shogaol can be affected by the formulation and method of preparation (e.g., fresh, dried, or as an extract). The elimination half-life of these compounds is variable, with metabolism occurring primarily in the liver. They are excreted through urine and bile, and their effects can last for several hours.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal discomfort
• Heartburn
• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Skin irritation

Interactions

• Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin)
• Antidiabetic medications
• Antihypertensive medications

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with gallstones
• May affect blood sugar levels; monitor in diabetic patients
• May increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulants

Pregnancy

Zingiber (ginger) is generally considered safe in food amounts during pregnancy. However, high doses should be avoided due to potential risks.

Breast-feeding

Zingiber is likely safe in food amounts while breastfeeding, but high doses should be avoided.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Dried root
• Powder
• Capsules
• Tinctures
• Essential oil

Mechanism of action

Curcumin acts as a scavenger of oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, and singlet oxygen and inhibit lipid peroxidation as well as peroxide-induced DNA damage. Curcumin mediates potent anti-inflammatory agent and anti-carcinogenic actions via modulating various signalling molecules. It suppresses a number of key elements in cellular signal transduction pathways pertinent to growth, differentiation, and malignant transformation; it was demonstrated _in vitro_ that curcumin inhibits protein kinases, c-Jun/AP-1 activation, prostaglandin biosynthesis, and the activity and expression of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Curcumin, a polyphenolic natural product, exhibits therapeutic activity against a number of diseases, attributed mainly to its chemical structure and unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. It is a diferuloyl methane molecule [1,7-bis (4-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione)] containing two ferulic acid residues joined by a methylene bridge. It has three important functionalities: an aromatic o-methoxy phenolic group, alpha, beta-unsaturated beta-diketo moiety and a seven carbon linker. Extensive research in the last two decades has provided evidence for the role of these different functional groups in its crucial biological activities. A few highlights of chemical structural features associated with the biological activity of curcumin are: The o-methoxyphenol group and methylenic hydrogen are responsible for the antioxidant activity of curcumin, and curcumin donates an electron/ hydrogen atom to reactive oxygen species. Curcumin interacts with a number of biomolecules through non-covalent and covalent binding. The hydrogen bonding and hydrophobicity of curcumin, arising from the aromatic and tautomeric structures along with the flexibility of the linker group are responsible for the non-covalent interactions. The alpha, beta-unsaturated beta-diketone moiety covalently interacts with protein thiols, through Michael reaction. The beta-diketo group forms chelates with transition metals, thereby reducing the metal induced toxicity and some of the metal complexes exhibit improved antioxidant activity as enzyme mimics. New analogues with improved activity are being developed with modifications on specific functional groups of curcumin... The present study demonstrates that curcumin acts as pro-oxidant and sensitizes human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549) to apoptosis via intracellular redox status mediated pathway. Results indicated that curcumin induced cell toxicity (light microscopy and MTT assay) and apoptosis (AnnexinV-FITC/PI labeling and caspase-3 activity) in these cells. These events seem to be mediated through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide radicals (SOR) and enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation. These changes were accompanied by increase in oxidized glutathione (GSSG), reduced glutathione (GSH) and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) activity, but decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio. The induction of apoptosis and decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio was also accompanied by sustained phosphorylation and activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). On the other hand, addition of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, blocked the curcumin-induced ROS production and rescued malignant cells from curcumin-induced apoptosis through caspase-3 deactivation. However, L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a GSH synthesis blocking agent, further enhanced curcumin-induced ROS production and apoptosis in A549 cells. Decreased GSH/GSSG ratio seems to be a crucial factor for the activation of MAPK signaling cascade by curcumin. The study therefore, provides an insight into the molecular mechanism involved in sensitization of lung adenocarcinoma cells to apoptosis by curcumin. Curcumin has many pharmaceutical applications, many of which arise from its potent antioxidant properties. The present research examined the antioxidant activiti

Pharmacodynamics

Intravenous application of 25 mg/kg bw curcumin to rats resulted in an increase in bile flow by 80 and 120%. In the rat model of inflammation, curcumin was shown to inhibit edema formation. In nude mouse that had been injected subcutaneously with prostate cancer cells, administration of curcumin caused a marked decrease in the extent of cell proliferation, a significant increase of apoptosis and micro-vessel density. Curcumin may exert choleretic effects by increasing biliary excretion of bile salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin, as well as increasing bile solubility. Curcumin inhibited arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation _in vitro_.