NUTRISWISH LIQUID

Indications

• Chronic inflammation
• Arthritis
• Cardiovascular disease
• Metabolic syndrome
• Certain types of cancer

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific clinical guidelines or consult a healthcare provider for appropriate dosing recommendations.

Adults: Refer to specific clinical guidelines or consult a healthcare provider for appropriate dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Curcumin exerts its effects through multiple mechanisms, including the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, modulation of signaling pathways such as NF-κB, and regulation of various transcription factors. It also acts as an antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes.

Pharmacodynamics

Curcumin modulates several biological pathways, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. Its action on the NF-κB signaling pathway reduces inflammation, while its impact on various growth factors and transcription factors can inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Additionally, it has been shown to influence metabolic pathways and may enhance insulin sensitivity.

Pharmacokinetics

Curcumin has poor oral bioavailability due to rapid metabolism and systemic elimination. It is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract but is extensively conjugated to glucuronides and sulfates in the liver. The half-life of curcumin is relatively short, necessitating higher doses or the use of formulations aimed at enhancing bioavailability, such as liposomal or nanoparticle systems.

Pregnancy

Curcumin, the active component of curcuma, is generally considered safe in food amounts, but high doses should be avoided during pregnancy due to potential hormonal effects.

Breast-feeding

Curcumin is likely safe in food amounts, but high doses should be avoided as there is insufficient reliable information on safety during breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, protected from light and moisture.

Indications

• Ox

Mechanism of action

Glutathione (GSH) participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It plays a role in hepatic biotransformation and detoxification, acting as a hydrophilic molecule added to lipophilic toxins for biliary excretion. GSH detoxifies methylglyoxal, a toxic metabolic by-product, via glyoxalase enzymes, converting it to less harmful substances. It also participates in conjugation and reduction reactions catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase enzymes, and can non-enzymatically conjugate with certain chemicals, such as N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), detoxifying it in the process.

Pharmacodynamics

Glutathione plays a vital role in cellular defense against oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals and reactive oxygen species. It is involved in maintaining the redox state of cells, which is critical for various cellular functions. The antioxidant properties of glutathione help in preventing cellular damage, modulating inflammatory responses, and regulating immune functions. Its ability to conjugate with xenobiotics enhances their solubility and facilitates their excretion, thereby contributing to detoxification processes in the liver.

Pharmacokinetics

Glutathione is synthesized in the body from its constituent amino acids, and its levels can be influenced by dietary intake and the body's oxidative stress status. Once synthesized, glutathione is distributed throughout the body, particularly in the liver, where it participates in detoxification processes. It is metabolized primarily in the liver, with its conjugation products being excreted via bile or urine. The half-life of glutathione can vary depending on the physiological and pathological conditions, and its levels can be influenced by factors such as age, diet, and the presence of diseases.

Pregnancy

There are no well-controlled studies of glutathione in pregnant women. Use only if clearly needed.

Breast-feeding

Use with caution. The effects of glutathione on nursing infants are not well known.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Injectable solution
• Oral supplement

Indications

• Nutritional supplementation
• Antioxidant support
• Support in metabolic disorders
• Potential role in respiratory health

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Cysteine exhibits antioxidant properties and participates in redox reactions. It is a key component in the synthesis of glutathione, which is essential for detoxification and protection against oxidative damage. The presence of cysteine is crucial for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and overall metabolic function.

Pharmacodynamics

Cysteine's antioxidant properties are primarily attributed to its ability to undergo redox reactions. It serves as an important source of sulfur, which is necessary for various metabolic processes. While it is classified as a non-essential amino acid, it may be essential for certain populations, including infants, the elderly, and individuals with metabolic disorders or malabsorption syndromes.

Pharmacokinetics

L-cysteine is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is distributed throughout the body. It undergoes various metabolic pathways, including cysteine biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism, with participation in tRNA charging and sulfur metabolism. The availability of cysteine can be influenced by dietary intake of methionine and other sulfur-containing compounds.

Pregnancy

Cysteine is generally considered safe during pregnancy, but caution is advised. Consultation with a healthcare professional is recommended.

Breast-feeding

Cysteine is likely safe during breastfeeding. However, it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Mechanism of action

Glutathione (GSH) participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. It also plays a role in the hepatic biotransformation and detoxification process; it acts as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to other lipophilic toxins or wastes prior to entering biliary excretion. It participates in the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxic by-product of metabolism, mediated by glyoxalase enzymes. Glyoxalase I catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-D-Lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II catalyzes the conversion of S-D-Lactoyl Glutathione to Reduced Glutathione and D-lactate. Glyoxalase I catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-D-Lactoyl-glutathione. Glyoxalase II catalyzes the conversion of S-D-Lactoyl Glutathione to Reduced Glutathione and D-lactate. GSH is a cofactor of conjugation and reduction reactions that are catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase enzymes expressed in the cytosol, microsomes, and mitochondria. However, it is capable of participating in non-enzymatic conjugation with some chemicals, as it is hypothesized to do to a significant extent with n-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the reactive cytochrome P450 reactive metabolite formed by toxic overdose of acetaminophen. Glutathione in this capacity binds to NAPQI as a suicide substrate and in the process detoxifies it, taking the place of cellular protein sulfhydryl groups which would otherwise be toxically adducted. The preferred medical treatment to an overdose of this nature, whose efficacy has been consistently supported in literature, is the administration (usually in atomized form) of N-acetylcysteine, which is used by cells to replace spent GSSG and allow a usable GSH pool.

Mechanism of action

Cysteine can usually be synthesized by the human body under normal physiological conditions if a sufficient quantity of methionine is available. Cysteine is typically synthesized in the human body when there is sufficient methionine available. Cysteine exhibits antioxidant properties and participates in redox reactions. Cysteine's antioxidant properties are typically expressed in the tripeptide glutathione, which occurs in humans as well as other organisms. Glutathione (GSH) typically requires biosynthesis from its constituent amino acids, cysteine, glycine, and glutamic acid, due to its limited systemic availability. Glutamic acid and glycine are readily available in the diets of most industrialized countries, but the availability of cysteine can be the limiting substrate. In human metabolism, cysteine is also involved in the generation of sulfide present in iron-sulfur clusters and nitrogenase by acting as a precursor. In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, cysteine is one of the 599 additives to cigarettes. Its use or purpose, however, is unknown, like most cigarette additives. Its inclusion in cigarettes could offer two benefits: Acting as an expectorant, since smoking increases mucus production in the lungs; and increasing the beneficial antioxidant glutathione (which is diminished in smokers).

Pharmacodynamics

Due to this ability to undergo redox reactions, cysteine has antioxidant properties. Cysteine is an important source of sulfur in human metabolism, and although it is classified as a non-essential amino acid, cysteine may be essential for infants, the elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic disease or who suffer from malabsorption syndromes. Cysteine may at some point be recognized as an essential or conditionally essential amino acid.