PURE COD LIVER OIL LIQUID (Each 15ml contains Vit A/Vit D/Vit E/Omega-3 4000iu/450iu/10iu/1.8g)

Indications

• Hypertriglyceridemia
• Cardiovascular disease prevention

Mechanism of action

Omega-3 fatty acids exert their effects through multiple mechanisms. They compete with arachidonic acid for incorporation into cell membranes, leading to the production of eicosanoids with lower pro-inflammatory potential. This results in decreased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2 and leukotrienes. They also activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which regulate inflammatory gene expression and inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines like TNF and IL-1β. Omega-3 fatty acids also promote the generation of resolvins and protectins, which have further anti-inflammatory effects.

Pharmacodynamics

Omega-3 fatty acids are metabolized into smaller fatty acid units, impacting various physiological functions. They are known to reduce plasma triglyceride levels, increase cholesterol levels, and exhibit antiarrhythmic properties. These fatty acids also play a role in inhibiting platelet aggregation, prolonging bleeding time, and reducing plasma fibrinogen levels. As constituents of phospholipids, they are integral to cell membrane structure and function, and they are involved in the formation of eicosanoids, which are critical signaling molecules across multiple body systems.

Pharmacokinetics

Omega-3 fatty acids are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and incorporated into chylomicrons, which are transported in the lymphatic system and subsequently released into the bloodstream. They are distributed widely throughout body tissues, particularly in the heart, brain, and retina. The metabolism occurs primarily in the liver, where they undergo beta-oxidation and can be converted into various bioactive lipid mediators. The half-life of omega-3 fatty acids can vary based on the specific fatty acid and individual metabolism.

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Fishy aftertaste
• Belching
• Increased bleeding time

Interactions

• Anticoagulants
• Antiplatelet agents
• Blood pressure medications

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with bleeding disorders
• Monitor for signs of bleeding in patients taking anticoagulants
• Consider potential effects on lipid levels

Pregnancy

Omega-3 fatty acids are generally considered safe during pregnancy, but it's advisable to consult a healthcare provider for individual recommendations.

Breast-feeding

Omega-3 fatty acids are excreted in breast milk; consult a healthcare provider for guidance.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Keep tightly closed.

Formulations

• Capsules
• Softgels
• Liquid formulations

Mechanism of action

Omega-3 fatty acids mediate anti-inflammatory effects and increased levels of EPA or DHA has shown to decrease the levels of PGE2 and 4 series-LT. Eicosapentaenoic acids compete with constitutive levels of arachidonic acid in cell membranes for the same desaturation enzymes and produce 3-series prostaglandins and thromboxanes, and 5-series leukotrienes which have low pro-inflammatory potential. The alteration in leukotriene biosynthesis due to higher concentration of omega-3 fatty acids compared to arachidonic acid underlies the anti-inflammatory effects. EPA and DHA also give rise to resolvins and related lipid signalling molecules such as protectins via cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, which have anti-inflammatory effects. They inhibit transendothelial migration of neutrophils and inhibit TNF and IL-1β production. Omega-3 fatty acids also decrease adhesion molecule expression on leukocytes and on endothelial cells and decrease intercellular adhesive interactions. Omega-3 (or n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites are natural ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma that regulates inflammatory gene expression and NFκB activation. PPAR alpha activation is also associated with induction of COX-2 expression. The role of EPA and DHA in reducing triglyceride levels include inhibition of acyl-CoA:1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase, increased mitochondrial and peroxisomal-beta-oxidation in the liver, decreased lipogenesis in the liver, and increased plasma lipoprotein lipase activity. They also may reduce triglyceride synthesis because they are poor substrates for the enzymes responsible for TG synthesis, and EPA and DHA inhibit esterification of other fatty acids.

Pharmacodynamics

Omega-3 fatty acids are triglycerides that get broken down into smaller fatty acid units. They act to reduce plasma triglyceride levels however increase the cholesterol levels and are thought to possess potent antiarrythmic effects. Polyunsaturated fatty acids including eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid mediate important cellular function such as inhibition of platelet function, prolongation of bleeding time, anti-inflammatory effects and reduction of plasma fibrinogen. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are components of the phospholipids that form the structures of the cell membranes and also serve as energy source. They form eicosanoids which are important signalling molecules with wide-ranging functions in the body's cardiovascular, pulmonary, immune and endocrine systems. DHA tends to exist in high concentrations in the retina, brain (via uptake by Mfsd2a as a transporter), and sperm.