ZENTOKID​ ​ORAL LIQUID

Indications

• Herbal medicine
• Aromatherapy
• Culinary uses
• Cosmetic applications
• Traditional medicine

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific herbal or medicinal guidelines for dosage in children, as this varies widely depending on the species and intended use.

Adults: Refer to specific herbal or medicinal guidelines for dosage, as this varies widely depending on the species and intended use.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of flowers varies widely among species and the specific compounds they produce. Many flowers contain phytochemicals that can have pharmacological effects, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils. These compounds can interact with biological pathways, modulating processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and microbial activity.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of flower-derived compounds are diverse, often depending on the specific chemical constituents present. For instance, flavonoids found in many flowers may exhibit antioxidant properties, while alkaloids can act on the central nervous system. The effects of these compounds can vary significantly based on dosage, route of administration, and individual patient factors.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of flower extracts and their active constituents involve absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes that can differ greatly among various compounds. Generally, compounds are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract when ingested, with bioavailability affected by factors like solubility and the presence of other food substances. Metabolism typically occurs in the liver, with excretion primarily via urine or feces.

Pregnancy

The use of flowers, particularly those with psychoactive properties, should be approached with caution during pregnancy due to potential risks to fetal development.

Breast-feeding

Due to limited data on the transfer of flower constituents into breast milk, caution is advised. It is recommended to consult a healthcare professional before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Ensure that products are kept out of reach of children.

Indications

• Herpes simplex virus infections
• Lysine deficiency

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosage recommendations.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosage recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Lysine inhibits the viral replication of the herpes simplex virus by altering the amino acid ratio in the tissue culture media. A higher concentration of L-lysine compared to L-arginine has been shown to reduce viral growth and cytopathogenicity. Additionally, lysine facilitates calcium absorption from the small intestine and is involved in protein synthesis through its role in the tRNA charging process, linking amino acids to their corresponding tRNA for translation.

Pharmacodynamics

Lysine ensures adequate calcium absorption and is involved in the formation of collagen, essential for bone, cartilage, and connective tissues. It aids in the production of various biological molecules, including antibodies, hormones, and enzymes. Deficiency in lysine can manifest as tiredness, inability to concentrate, irritability, and other health issues.

Pharmacokinetics

Lysine is absorbed in the small intestine and is transported in the bloodstream to various tissues, where it participates in protein synthesis and other metabolic processes. The metabolism of lysine involves its degradation and utilization in various biosynthetic pathways.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal upset
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Abdominal pain

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with kidney disease
• Consult a healthcare professional before use if pregnant or breastfeeding

Pregnancy

Safety in pregnancy has not been established. Consult a healthcare professional before use.

Breast-feeding

Lysine is generally considered safe in breastfeeding, but consult a healthcare professional before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Oral tablet
• Oral capsule
• Powder for oral solution

Dosage

Children: Refer to appropriate clinical guidelines or literature for dosing information as no specific data is available.

Adults: Refer to appropriate clinical guidelines or literature for dosing information as no specific data is available.

Pregnancy

There is limited data on the use of springer during pregnancy. Caution is advised.

Breast-feeding

The effects of springer during breastfeeding are not well studied. Caution is recommended.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Insomnia
• Anxiety disorders
• Stress-related symptoms
• Restlessness
• Muscle tension

Dosage

Children: Refer to a pediatric dosing reference or guidelines, as specific pediatric dosing has not been established.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines for dosage, as doses can vary based on the formulation and indication.

Mechanism of action

Valerian is thought to exert its effects primarily through modulation of the GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) neurotransmitter system. It is believed to increase the levels of GABA in the synaptic cleft, enhancing GABAergic transmission, which results in sedative effects. Additionally, valerian contains various compounds, including valerenic acid, which may influence other neurotransmitter systems and have anti-anxiety properties.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of valerian include sedation, anxiolysis, and muscle relaxation. These effects are most pronounced at doses typically used for therapeutic purposes. The onset of action may vary, with some users reporting effects within an hour, while others may require several days of consistent use. Tolerance can develop with prolonged use, and withdrawal symptoms may occur upon abrupt discontinuation after long-term use.

Pharmacokinetics

Valerian is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations occurring approximately 1-2 hours after oral administration. The bioavailability may be affected by factors such as the preparation method and individual metabolism. Valerian is metabolized in the liver, primarily via phase I reactions, and is excreted through the urine. The half-life of its active components can vary, influencing dosing intervals and duration of action.

Adverse effects

• Headache
• Dizziness
• Gastrointestinal disturbances
• Daytime drowsiness
• Allergic reactions

Interactions

• CNS depressants may enhance sedative effects
• Alcohol may increase sedation
• Benzodiazepines may have additive effects

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with liver disorders
• Avoid use in children without medical supervision
• Discontinue use if adverse effects occur

Pregnancy

Safety during pregnancy has not been established; use only if clearly needed.

Breast-feeding

Safety during breastfeeding has not been established; use with caution.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Dried root
• Tinctures
• Capsules
• Tablets
• Liquid extracts

Indications

• Dyspepsia
• Cholecystitis
• Hyperlipidemia
• Hepatic disorders
• Digestive support

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing information as it may vary based on formulation and concentration.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines for dosing information as it may vary based on formulation and concentration.

Mechanism of action

Artichoke extracts are believed to exert their effects primarily through the stimulation of bile production in the liver, enhancing the digestive process. Cynarin, a key active component, is thought to increase bile flow, thereby aiding in the emulsification and absorption of fats. Additionally, artichoke exhibits antioxidant properties, which may contribute to its protective effects on the liver and overall health.

Pharmacodynamics

Artichoke demonstrates several pharmacodynamic effects, including choleretic (bile-producing) action, hepatoprotective effects, and lipid-lowering properties. It is also noted for its ability to improve gastrointestinal function by reducing symptoms of dyspepsia and promoting appetite. The antioxidants in artichoke may help mitigate oxidative stress, which is linked to various chronic diseases.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of artichoke extracts can vary depending on the specific formulation and method of extraction. Generally, active compounds such as cynarin are rapidly absorbed after ingestion, with peak plasma levels typically occurring within a few hours. The metabolism of these compounds primarily occurs in the liver, and they are excreted via the urine. The bioavailability of artichoke extract may be influenced by the presence of food and other substances in the gastrointestinal tract.

Contra-indications

• Allergy to artichoke or related plants
• Biliary obstruction
• Severe liver disease

Adverse effects

• Allergic reactions
• Gastrointestinal discomfort
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Flatulence

Interactions

• May enhance the effects of certain medications that lower blood sugar
• Potential interaction with medications metabolized by the liver

Precautions

• Caution in patients with gallbladder disease
• Monitor for potential allergic reactions in sensitive individuals

Pregnancy

Limited information available; consult healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Limited information available; consult healthcare provider before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Dried leaves for tea
• Standardized extracts

Dosage

Children: Specific dosing information is not available. Please refer to established medical guidelines or pharmacological references for pediatric dosing.

Adults: Specific dosing information is not available. Please refer to established medical guidelines or pharmacological references for adult dosing.

Mechanism of action

Proteins of the herpes simplex virus are rich in L-arginine, and tissue culture studies indicate an enhancing effect on viral replication when the amino acid ratio of L-arginine to lysine is high in the tissue culture media. When the ratio of L-lysine to L-arginine is high, viral replication and the cytopathogenicity of herpes simplex virus have been found to be inhibited. L-lysine may facilitate the absorption of calcium from the small intestine. Amino acids are selected for protein synthesis by binding with transfer RNA (tRNA) in the cell cytoplasm. The information on the amino acid sequence of each individual protein is contained in the sequence of nucleotides in the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, which are synthesized in the nucleus from regions of DNA by the process of transcription. The mRNA molecules then interact with various tRNA molecules attached to specific amino acids in the cytoplasm to synthesize the specific protein by linking together individual amino acids; this process, known as translation, is regulated by amino acids (e.g., leucine), and hormones. Which specific proteins are expressed in any particular cell and the relative rates at which the different cellular proteins are synthesized, are determined by the relative abundances of the different mRNAs and the availability of specific tRNA-amino acid combinations, and hence by the rate of transcription and the stability of the messages. From a nutritional and metabolic point of view, it is important to recognize that protein synthesis is a continuing process that takes place in most cells of the body. In a steady state, when neither net growth nor protein loss is occurring, protein synthesis is balanced by an equal amount of protein degradation. The major consequence of inadequate protein intakes, or diets low or lacking in specific indispensable amino acids relative to other amino acids (often termed limiting amino acids), is a shift in this balance so that rates of synthesis of some body proteins decrease while protein degradation continues, thus providing an endogenous source of those amino acids most in need. /Amino acids/ The mechanism of intracellular protein degradation, by which protein is hydrolyzed to free amino acids, is more complex and is not as well characterized at the mechanistic level as that of synthesis. A wide variety of different enzymes that are capable of splitting peptide bonds are present in cells. However, the bulk of cellular proteolysis seems to be shared between two multienzyme systems: the lysosomal and proteasomal systems. The lysosome is a membrane-enclosed vesicle inside the cell that contains a variety of proteolytic enzymes and operates mostly at acid pH. Volumes of the cytoplasm are engulfed (autophagy) and are then subjected to the action of the protease enzymes at high concentration. This system is thought to be relatively unselective in most cases, although it can also degrade specific intracellular proteins. The system is highly regulated by hormones such as insulin and glucocorticoids, and by amino acids. The second system is the ATP-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is present in the cytoplasm. The first step is to join molecules of ubiquitin, a basic 76-amino acid peptide, to lysine residues in the target protein. Several enzymes are involved in this process, which selectively targets proteins for degradation by a second component, the proteasome. /Amino acids/

Pharmacodynamics

Insures the adequate absorption of calcium; helps form collagen ( which makes up bone cartilage & connective tissues); aids in the production of antibodies, hormones & enzymes. Recent studies have shown that Lysine may be effective against herpes by improving the balance of nutrients that reduce viral growth. A deficiency may result in tiredness, inability to concentrate, irritability, bloodshot eyes, retarded growth, hair loss, anemia & reproductive problems.