NIRPID 20%

Indications

• Nutritional support in patients unable to consume food orally
• Parenteral nutrition
• Drug delivery for lipophilic medications
• Topical applications for skin conditions

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines and clinical protocols for paediatric dosing.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines and clinical protocols for adult dosing.

Mechanism of action

Emulsions work by reducing the surface tension between the oil and water phases, allowing for the formation of stable droplets. This process is mediated by emulsifying agents, which can be surfactants or natural polymers that stabilize the emulsion and prevent phase separation. The absorption and bioavailability of drugs within the emulsion can be enhanced due to the increased surface area for absorption.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of emulsions vary based on their composition and formulation. The presence of emulsifying agents can influence the release profile of the active ingredients, allowing for controlled or sustained release. Emulsions can also enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs, improving their therapeutic effects and minimizing side effects related to high concentrations of active ingredients.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of emulsions depend on their route of administration and the specific properties of the drug contained within the emulsion. After administration, emulsions can be rapidly absorbed due to their small droplet size, leading to quicker onset of action. The distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the drug will follow the pharmacokinetic principles applicable to the active ingredients, influenced by their solubility and the emulsion's formulation.

Pregnancy

The safety of emulsions during pregnancy depends on the specific type and formulation. Consult relevant guidelines and specific product information.

Breast-feeding

Emulsions may be used while breastfeeding, but specific product information should be consulted to ensure safety.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from light and moisture. Specific formulations may have unique storage requirements.

Indications

• Dehydration
• Electrolyte imbalances
• Infections requiring immediate antibiotic therapy
• Pain management in acute settings
• Nutritional support in patients unable to eat
• Chemotherapy administration
• Anesthesia induction and maintenance

Dosage

Children: Refer to the specific drug's prescribing information in the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing guidelines.

Adults: Refer to the specific drug's prescribing information in the BNF for appropriate dosing guidelines.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action for intravenous drugs depends on the specific medication administered. Generally, intravenous administration allows for rapid drug distribution throughout the body, achieving high plasma concentrations quickly. This is particularly beneficial for medications that require immediate therapeutic effects.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics varies based on the specific drug administered intravenously. In general, drugs delivered via IV can achieve peak plasma concentrations faster than those taken orally, leading to quicker onset of action. This route is often utilized for drugs that are poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract or for those that require precise titration to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics for intravenous drugs typically includes immediate bioavailability since the drug is delivered directly into circulation. Distribution is rapid, and elimination depends on the drug's specific metabolic pathways. Volume of distribution, clearance rates, and half-life can significantly vary based on the drug's properties and patient factors such as age, body weight, and organ function.

Interactions

• ataluren + intravenous aminoglycosides: Severe (increases risk of nephrotoxicity)
• intravenous dantrolene + calcium channel blockers: Severe (increases risk of acute hyperkalaemia and cardiovascular collapse)
• intravenous dantrolene + diltiazem: Severe (increases risk of acute hyperkalaemia and cardiovascular collapse)
• intravenous dantrolene + verapamil: Severe (increases risk of acute hyperkalaemia and cardiovascular collapse)
• intravenous chloramphenicol + antiepileptics: Moderate (increases concentration)
• intravenous chloramphenicol + fosphenytoin: Moderate (increases concentration)
• intravenous chloramphenicol + phenytoin: Moderate (increases concentration)
• miconazole + intravenous benzodiazepines: Moderate (increases exposure)
• intravenous magnesium + calcium channel blockers: Unknown (increases risk of hypotension)
• intravenous magnesium + amlodipine: Unknown (increases risk of hypotension)