CREAM E45

Indications

• Insecticide for agricultural use
• Research tool in toxicology

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing and administration guidelines.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing and administration guidelines.

Mechanism of action

Methyl parathion acts primarily by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is essential for the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Its active metabolite, methyl paraoxon, is a potent inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. The inhibition of these enzymes results in the accumulation of acetylcholine at synapses, leading to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors and resultant toxic effects.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of methyl parathion involve its action as a noncompetitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, causing prolonged effects of acetylcholine due to its inability to be hydrolyzed. The resultant cholinergic toxicity can lead to symptoms such as muscle twitching, respiratory distress, and potentially fatal outcomes if not treated promptly. The extent of inhibition is dose-dependent, with significant toxicity occurring after substantial enzyme inhibition.

Pharmacokinetics

Methyl parathion is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and can also be absorbed through the skin and respiratory tract. It is metabolized in the liver to form methyl paraoxon, which is responsible for the majority of its toxic effects. The distribution of methyl parathion in body tissues is influenced by its lipophilicity, and it is primarily excreted as metabolites in the urine. The elimination half-life and specific pharmacokinetic parameters can vary based on individual metabolism and exposure levels.

Pregnancy

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when administering to nursing women.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Liquid formulation

Indications

• Constipation
• Dry skin
• Dermatitis
• Eczema

Dosage

Children: Refer to established dosing guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for specific dosing information.

Adults: Refer to established dosing guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for specific dosing information.

Mechanism of action

Paraffin acts primarily as a lubricant and emollient. When ingested, it coats the intestinal walls and helps to soften the stool by retaining moisture. This action reduces straining during defecation. When applied topically, it forms a protective layer on the skin, preventing transepidermal water loss and maintaining hydration.

Pharmacodynamics

Paraffin does not get absorbed into the bloodstream when taken orally; it works locally within the gastrointestinal tract. Its lubricating properties facilitate the passage of stool through the intestines. In topical applications, it enhances skin hydration and helps in the treatment of dry skin conditions, providing a soothing effect.

Pharmacokinetics

Paraffin is not significantly absorbed systemically when ingested. It passes through the gastrointestinal tract and is excreted unchanged in the feces. The onset of action for oral paraffin typically occurs within 6 to 8 hours. For topical use, the effects can be immediate, with barriers forming on the skin to retain moisture.

Adverse effects

• Lipoid pneumonia
• Diarrhea
• Abdominal cramps
• Nausea
• Vomiting

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with a history of pulmonary disease
• Avoid use in patients with difficulty swallowing or in those who are bedridden
• Monitor for potential aspiration in vulnerable populations

Pregnancy

Paraffin should be used in pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus, as safety in pregnancy has not been established.

Breast-feeding

Paraffin is generally considered safe during breastfeeding, but caution is advised as it may be absorbed and could affect the infant.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Keep container tightly closed.

Formulations

• Liquid paraffin
• Emulsified paraffin

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product information for dosing guidelines.

Adults: Refer to specific product information for dosing guidelines.

Pregnancy

Consult a healthcare professional before use. The effects of Soft during pregnancy are not well-documented.

Breast-feeding

Consult a healthcare professional before use. The safety of Soft during breastfeeding is not well-established.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate paediatric dosing information.

Adults: Refer to the specific BNF guidelines for dosing information as it may vary based on the condition being treated.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action for White involves its interaction with specific biological pathways, leading to the desired pharmacological effects. The precise pathways may include modulation of receptor activity or alteration of enzyme function, although specific details are not provided.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics of White includes its effects on the body, including therapeutic effects and potential side effects. As a compound, it may exert its influence on multiple physiological systems, which can lead to changes in symptoms or disease progression.

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics of White involves its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Understanding these parameters can help predict how the drug behaves in the body, including onset of action and duration of effect. Detailed pharmacokinetic data is not specified.

Indications

• Wound dressings
• Burn treatment
• Cushioning in orthopedic applications
• Thermal insulation for patients with hypothermia

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific guidelines based on the condition being treated, as wool is used in various forms and applications.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines based on the condition being treated, as wool is used in various forms and applications.

Mechanism of action

Wool fibers create a protective barrier that helps to maintain a stable microenvironment around a wound. This barrier minimizes moisture loss while allowing for gas exchange, which is essential for wound healing. The fibers can also provide cushioning and support to the affected area, reducing pressure and friction.

Pharmacodynamics

Wool's pharmacodynamic effects are largely mechanical rather than chemical. It aids in thermal insulation, which can help maintain body temperature and promote healing in injured tissues. The cushioning effect of wool can also alleviate pain and discomfort associated with various conditions.

Pharmacokinetics

Wool itself is not absorbed or metabolized within the body as it serves primarily as a physical barrier and support. It does not enter systemic circulation, and its effects are localized to the area of application. The duration of action depends on the specific use and condition being treated.

Pregnancy

Wool is generally considered safe during pregnancy as it is a natural fiber and does not pose known risks. However, caution should be exercised to avoid any allergic reactions.

Breast-feeding

Wool is typically safe during breastfeeding. It is a natural material and should not affect breast milk or the nursing infant unless an allergy is present.

Storage

Store wool in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to prevent damage and maintain its quality. Use airtight containers to protect against moths and moisture.

Mechanism of action

Acute poisoning ... is related to ... inhibiting action on enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Toxic manifestations generally occur only after more than 50% of plasma cholinesterase is inhibited. ... Methyl parathion ... depend on oxidative activation by replacement of thiono-sulfur with oxygen for ... toxicity. Methyl parathion has only a slight inhibitory action on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, but its active metabolite, methyl paraoxon, is a potent inhibitor of both these enzymes. A study was conducted examining the inhibition of (Ca2+ and Mg2+)-ATPase by parathion (56382) and methyl parathion. Enzyme activity was assessed spectrophotometrically in pig erythrocyte membranes containing calcium2+ (Ca2+) and magnesium2+ and in solubilized membrane preparations incubated with the test agents. The enzyme response to ATP was biphasic. Equations expressing the kinetics of the substrate curves described two classes of the ATP binding active site, one with high affinity and low maximum rate and one with low affinity and high maximum rate. High affinity active sites were stimulated by low ATP concentrations (20 uM), whereas low affinity active sites were stimulated by high ATP levels (2 mM). Parathion and methylparathion dose dependently inhibited enzyme activity; parathion had a greater inhibitory effect than methylparathion. Lineweaver-Burke and Dixon plots indicated noncompetitive inhibition. Parathion and methylparathion induced enzyme inhibition occurred over a range of free calcium ion concentrations (0.5 to 5 mM); the inhibition was significantly greater at lower Ca2+ concentrations (1 to 100 uM) than at higher concentrations. The authors conclude that parathion and methylparathion inhibit ATPase activity by binding to a site on the enzyme rather than through an interaction with associated lipids. For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for METHYL PARATHION (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.