FRANKABOT MIST SENNACO SOLUTION (Each 100ml contains Magnesium sulphate/ Liquid liquorice extract/ Senna infusion/ Cardamon extract 25g/ 1ml/ 0.5ml/ 0.5ml)

Indications

• Constipation
• Palliative care for bowel cleansing

Dosage

Children: Child 1 month–3 years: 3.75–15 mg once daily, adjusted according to response. Child 4–17 years: 3.75–30 mg once daily, adjusted according to response.

Adults: 7.5–15 mg once daily (max. per dose 30 mg daily), typically taken at bedtime. The initial dose should be low and increased gradually as needed, with higher doses prescribed under medical supervision.

Mechanism of action

Senna contains sennosides, which are metabolized in the colon to form active compounds that stimulate the peristaltic movement of the intestines. This promotes bowel evacuation by increasing the contraction of intestinal muscles and enhancing fluid secretion into the bowel, leading to softer stools.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effect of senna includes increased intestinal motility and secretion of electrolytes and water into the intestines, resulting in softened stools and facilitation of bowel movements. Side effects may include abdominal cramps and gastrointestinal disturbances, as well as potential skin reactions.

Pharmacokinetics

Senna is not absorbed significantly in the gastrointestinal tract; its active metabolites exert their effects locally in the intestines. The onset of action is typically within 6 to 12 hours when taken orally. Metabolism occurs in the gut, and excretion is primarily via feces, with minimal systemic absorption.

Contra-indications

• Acute abdominal conditions
• Acute inflammatory bowel disease
• Intestinal obstruction
• Severe dehydration

Adverse effects

• Abdominal cramps
• Asthenia
• Gastrointestinal disorders
• Skin reactions
• Urine discolouration

Precautions

• Excessive use of stimulant laxatives can cause diarrhea and related effects such as hypokalaemia
• Local irritation - avoid prolonged contact with skin (incontinent patients or infants wearing nappies, risk of irritation and excoriation)
• Rodent studies indicate potential carcinogenic risk

Pregnancy

Manufacturers advise to avoid - limited information available.

Breast-feeding

Manufacturers advise to avoid - no information available.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from moisture and heat.

Formulations

• Oral suspension
• Tablets
• Syrup
• Suppositories

Indications

• Dyspepsia
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Cough
• Asthma
• Inflammation
• Antimicrobial activity

Dosage

Children: Refer to established clinical guidelines and consult healthcare professionals for specific dosing information, as there are no standardized doses for cardamom.

Adults: Refer to established clinical guidelines and consult healthcare professionals for specific dosing information, as there are no standardized doses for cardamom.

Mechanism of action

Cardamom contains various active components, including essential oils and phenolic compounds, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. The compounds act by modulating several biochemical pathways, including the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the scavenging of free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of cardamom primarily involve its ability to enhance digestive health by stimulating gastrointestinal secretions and improving appetite. It also exhibits antimicrobial activity against several pathogens, as well as anti-inflammatory effects that may help reduce symptoms in conditions such as asthma and arthritis.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of cardamom have not been exhaustively studied; however, its active compounds are generally believed to be rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The metabolism occurs primarily in the liver, with various metabolites excreted through urine. The bioavailability of cardamom constituents may be influenced by the method of preparation and the presence of other dietary components.

Adverse effects

• Allergic reactions
• Gastrointestinal disturbances
• Heartburn
• Nausea
• Diarrhea

Interactions

• May interact with anticoagulants
• Potential interaction with antidiabetic medications
• May enhance the effects of drugs that cause gastrointestinal irritation

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with gallbladder disease
• Monitor for allergic reactions in sensitive individuals

Pregnancy

Generally considered safe in food amounts, but high doses should be avoided due to potential effects on uterine contractions.

Breast-feeding

Generally regarded as safe when used in culinary amounts, but excessive intake should be avoided.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and moisture.

Formulations

• Whole seeds
• Ground powder
• Essential oil

Indications

• General wellness support
• Anti-inflammatory effects
• Antioxidant activity
• Digestive aid
• Support for immune function

Dosage

Children: Paediatric dosing should be determined based on the specific extract and its intended use. Consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended for accurate dosing.

Adults: Dosage varies widely depending on the specific extract and formulation. It is essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

The mechanism of action of herbal extracts can vary significantly based on their constituents. Commonly, they exert their effects through multiple pathways including modulation of neurotransmitter systems, interference with inflammatory processes, or direct antioxidant activity. Some extracts may activate certain receptors or inhibit enzymes related to disease processes.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of extracts is complex due to the presence of multiple active compounds which can have synergistic or antagonistic effects. These compounds may influence cellular signaling pathways, alter gene expression, or modulate immune response. The overall pharmacological profile is determined by the specific composition of the extract, its concentration, and the biological target it interacts with.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of extracts involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the active compounds. Generally, herbal extracts are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with bioavailability influenced by factors such as formulation, the presence of food, and individual metabolic differences. Compounds may undergo hepatic metabolism, and elimination can occur through urine or feces, depending on their chemical nature.

Pregnancy

Consult a healthcare professional before use, as the safety of the extract during pregnancy has not been established.

Breast-feeding

Consult a healthcare professional before use, as the safety of the extract during breastfeeding has not been established.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Insecticide for agricultural use
• Research tool in toxicology

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing and administration guidelines.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing and administration guidelines.

Mechanism of action

Methyl parathion acts primarily by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is essential for the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Its active metabolite, methyl paraoxon, is a potent inhibitor of both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. The inhibition of these enzymes results in the accumulation of acetylcholine at synapses, leading to overstimulation of cholinergic receptors and resultant toxic effects.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of methyl parathion involve its action as a noncompetitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, causing prolonged effects of acetylcholine due to its inability to be hydrolyzed. The resultant cholinergic toxicity can lead to symptoms such as muscle twitching, respiratory distress, and potentially fatal outcomes if not treated promptly. The extent of inhibition is dose-dependent, with significant toxicity occurring after substantial enzyme inhibition.

Pharmacokinetics

Methyl parathion is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and can also be absorbed through the skin and respiratory tract. It is metabolized in the liver to form methyl paraoxon, which is responsible for the majority of its toxic effects. The distribution of methyl parathion in body tissues is influenced by its lipophilicity, and it is primarily excreted as metabolites in the urine. The elimination half-life and specific pharmacokinetic parameters can vary based on individual metabolism and exposure levels.

Pregnancy

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Use only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Caution is advised when administering to nursing women.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Liquid formulation

Indications

• Cough and respiratory tract disorders
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Adrenal insufficiency
• Inflammatory conditions

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing.

Adults: Refer to reputable clinical guidelines or pharmacopoeias for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

Glycyrrhizin inhibits the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), which typically converts active cortisol to its inactive form, cortisone. This inhibition leads to increased cortisol levels, resulting in mineralocorticoid-like effects such as sodium retention and potassium excretion, which can influence blood pressure and fluid balance. Additionally, liquorice exhibits antioxidant properties and may modulate immune responses.

Pharmacodynamics

Liquorice displays a variety of pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and gastroprotective actions. Its anti-inflammatory effects are attributed to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the suppression of immune cell activation. The antiviral properties are primarily linked to its action against viruses such as herpes simplex and hepatitis C. Moreover, liquorice can enhance mucus secretion in the respiratory tract, facilitating the expulsion of phlegm.

Pharmacokinetics

Liquorice is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, with glycyrrhizin being the most bioactive compound. Its metabolites can be detected in the plasma, and the elimination half-life is variable, generally between 6 to 12 hours. The metabolism of glycyrrhizin occurs primarily in the liver, and it undergoes phase I and phase II metabolic processes. Excretion mainly occurs through urine, with both active and inactive metabolites present.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to liquorice or any of its components
• Severe hypertension
• Heart disease
• Kidney disease
• Cirrhosis of the liver

Adverse effects

• Hypertension
• Hypokalemia
• Edema
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Gastrointestinal disturbances
• Muscle weakness
• Arrhythmias

Interactions

• Corticosteroids - may enhance the effects of corticosteroids
• Digoxin - may increase the risk of digoxin toxicity due to hypokalemia
• Diuretics - may reduce effectiveness of potassium-sparing diuretics and increase potassium loss
• Antihypertensives - may counteract the effects of antihypertensive medications

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with hypertension
• Monitor electrolytes, particularly potassium levels in long-term use
• Avoid excessive consumption, particularly in patients with underlying cardiovascular conditions

Pregnancy

Use during pregnancy is not well studied; consult a healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Limited information available; consult a healthcare provider before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Dried root
• Powder
• Extracts
• Syrups

Mechanism of action

Acute poisoning ... is related to ... inhibiting action on enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Toxic manifestations generally occur only after more than 50% of plasma cholinesterase is inhibited. ... Methyl parathion ... depend on oxidative activation by replacement of thiono-sulfur with oxygen for ... toxicity. Methyl parathion has only a slight inhibitory action on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, but its active metabolite, methyl paraoxon, is a potent inhibitor of both these enzymes. A study was conducted examining the inhibition of (Ca2+ and Mg2+)-ATPase by parathion (56382) and methyl parathion. Enzyme activity was assessed spectrophotometrically in pig erythrocyte membranes containing calcium2+ (Ca2+) and magnesium2+ and in solubilized membrane preparations incubated with the test agents. The enzyme response to ATP was biphasic. Equations expressing the kinetics of the substrate curves described two classes of the ATP binding active site, one with high affinity and low maximum rate and one with low affinity and high maximum rate. High affinity active sites were stimulated by low ATP concentrations (20 uM), whereas low affinity active sites were stimulated by high ATP levels (2 mM). Parathion and methylparathion dose dependently inhibited enzyme activity; parathion had a greater inhibitory effect than methylparathion. Lineweaver-Burke and Dixon plots indicated noncompetitive inhibition. Parathion and methylparathion induced enzyme inhibition occurred over a range of free calcium ion concentrations (0.5 to 5 mM); the inhibition was significantly greater at lower Ca2+ concentrations (1 to 100 uM) than at higher concentrations. The authors conclude that parathion and methylparathion inhibit ATPase activity by binding to a site on the enzyme rather than through an interaction with associated lipids. For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for METHYL PARATHION (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.