POLYFRESH EXTRA SDU OPHTHALMIC SOLUTION

Indications

• Dry eye syndrome
• Ocular lubrication
• Thickening agent in pharmaceutical formulations
• Food industry as a stabilizer and emulsifier

Dosage

Children: For paediatric use, refer to specific product guidelines and consult a healthcare professional for appropriate advice.

Adults: For dry eye treatment, apply as needed, typically 1 drop in each affected eye. Refer to specific product guidelines for exact formulation and frequency.

Mechanism of action

Carboxymethylcellulose works by forming a gel-like structure when it interacts with water, which helps retain moisture and provide lubrication. In ophthalmic applications, it acts as a protective agent for the ocular surface, reducing friction and providing comfort to patients with dry eye conditions.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic properties of carboxymethylcellulose are primarily related to its ability to increase viscosity and improve the stability of formulations. It does not undergo significant systemic absorption and exerts its effects locally, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract and on the ocular surface as a lubricant.

Pharmacokinetics

Carboxymethylcellulose is not absorbed significantly through the gastrointestinal tract when ingested, and its systemic bioavailability is negligible. When used in ophthalmic formulations, it acts locally on the eye without significant systemic effects. The elimination pathway is primarily through natural degradation and excretion of unabsorbed material.

Adverse effects

• Allergic reactions
• Skin irritation
• Gastrointestinal discomfort

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with known hypersensitivity to cellulose derivatives
• Monitor for allergic reactions

Pregnancy

Carboxymethylcellulose is generally considered safe during pregnancy as it is not absorbed systemically.

Breast-feeding

Carboxymethylcellulose is considered safe during breastfeeding as it is not absorbed systemically.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Eye drops
• Oral suspensions
• Topical gels

Indications

• Osteoarthritis of the knee
• Viscosupplementation for joint pain
• Dry eye syndrome
• Ocular surgeries (e.g., cataract surgery)
• Wound healing

Dosage

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines or literature for adult dosing recommendations, as they can vary based on

Mechanism of action

Hyaluronate acts by increasing the viscosity and elasticity of synovial fluid in joints, leading to improved lubrication and shock absorption. It binds to water molecules, thus enhancing the hydration of tissues. In the context of osteoarthritis, it helps to restore the normal viscoelastic properties of the joint fluid, which can help alleviate pain and improve joint function. In ocular applications, it serves to lubricate the surface of the eye, aiding in the comfort and healing of the cornea.

Pharmacodynamics

Hyaluronate's pharmacodynamic effects are primarily related to its hydrophilic nature and its ability to form a gel-like consistency when mixed with water. This property allows it to provide mechanical support and cushioning in joints, reducing friction and wear in the articular cartilage. It also plays a role in cell signaling and tissue hydration, influencing cell proliferation and migration in wound healing.

Pharmacokinetics

Hyaluronate is administered via injection or topical application, depending on the indication. After injection into the joint space, it can remain for several weeks, but its half-life is influenced by factors such as the degree of synovial fluid viscosity and the presence of inflammation. Systemic absorption is minimal, and it is primarily metabolized by hyaluronidase enzymes found in various tissues, leading to fragmentation and clearance from the body. In ocular formulations, its retention time on the eye surface can vary based on the formulation and the presence of preservatives.

Contra-indications

• Hypersensitivity to hyaluronate or any component of the formulation
• Infection at the injection site
• Active skin diseases

Adverse effects

• Injection site reactions (pain, swelling, redness)
• Allergic reactions
• Joint effusion
• Increased joint pain
• Headache

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with bleeding disorders
• Careful consideration in patients with a history of allergic reactions
• Not recommended for intra-articular injection in patients with active infections

Pregnancy

Safety in pregnancy has not been established. Use only if clearly needed and the potential benefits justify the risks.

Breast-feeding

It is not known if hyaluronate is excreted in human milk. Use with caution and only if clearly needed.

Storage

Store at 2-25 degrees Celsius. Protect from light. Do not freeze.

Formulations

• Sodium hyaluronate injection
• Hyaluronic acid gel