TASLY*A1 400MG CAPSULE

Indications

• Vitiligo
• Hyperpigmentation disorders

Dosage

Children: Refer to BNF for Children for specific dosing guidance.

Adults: Refer to BNF for specific dosing guidance.

Mechanism of action

Monobenzone acts as a depigmenting agent through an incompletely understood mechanism. It is suggested that monobenzone increases the excretion of melanin from melanocytes and interferes with the biosynthesis of melanin by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase. This inhibition prevents the conversion of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine, which is a precursor of melanin. As a result, the drug leads to depigmentation, especially in areas with existing hyperpigmentation, while the epidermis remains intact but lacks identifiable melanocytes.

Pharmacodynamics

Monobenzone is the monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. It functions as a topical agent that permanently removes color from normal skin surrounding areas affected by vitiligo. By inhibiting the production of melanin, monobenzone reduces skin pigmentation and facilitates a more uniform skin tone over time. The effect is particularly pronounced in hyperpigmented skin, which fades more quickly than normal skin.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of monobenzone are not extensively detailed in available literature. However, it is primarily applied topically, and its systemic absorption is likely minimal. The onset of action can vary, with effects typically observable within one to four months. The drug is metabolized within the skin, and its efficacy can be influenced by factors such as sun exposure, which can reduce its depigmenting effects.

Adverse effects

• Skin irritation
• Erythema
• Contact dermatitis
• Dry skin
• Photosensitivity

Precautions

• Avoid contact with eyes
• Not for use on broken skin
• Avoid excessive sun exposure

Pregnancy

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Use only if clearly needed.

Breast-feeding

There is no information available regarding the excretion of monobenzone in human milk. Caution should be exercised.

Storage

Store at room temperature, away from light and moisture. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Topical cream
• Topical lotion

Indications

• Digestive disorders
• Respiratory issues
• Diuretic
• Anti-inflammatory
• Antispasmodic
• Mild anxiety and stress relief

Dosage

Children: Pediatric dosing should be approached with caution, and it is recommended to refer to a healthcare professional or appropriate guidelines for age-specific dosing.

Adults: Dosage for adult use can vary widely based on the preparation and intended use. Common forms include tinctures or extracts, with guidance to refer to specific formulations for dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism of action of Angelicae is not fully understood, but it is believed to exert its effects through various pathways, including modulation of the central nervous system, anti-inflammatory effects, and the promotion of circulation. It may also influence the gastrointestinal system and act as an antioxidant.

Pharmacodynamics

Angelicae displays a range of pharmacodynamic effects, including antispasmodic, carminative, and diuretic activities. Its active constituents, such as coumarins and flavonoids, are thought to contribute to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The plant may also have a mild sedative effect, promoting relaxation and alleviating anxiety.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Angelicae have not been extensively studied. However, it is known that the active compounds can be absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. After absorption, they may undergo metabolism in the liver, with excretion primarily through the urine. The onset of action and duration may vary based on the method of preparation and individual patient factors.

Pregnancy

Angelicae is not recommended during pregnancy due to potential risks such as uterine contractions.

Breast-feeding

It is advisable to avoid the use of Angelicae while breastfeeding due to insufficient safety data.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight, and keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Liver disorders
• Chronic hepatitis
• Inflammatory conditions
• Respiratory infections
• Immune system support

Dosage

Children: Paediatric dosing is not well established; consult established herbal guidelines or a healthcare provider for appropriate dosing in children.

Adults: Dosage varies depending on the formulation and intended use. Generally, standard doses in herbal medicine range from 9 to 30 grams of the dried root daily, often in divided doses.

Mechanism of action

Bupleuri exerts its effects primarily through the modulation of immune response and reduction of inflammation. Saikosaponins, the main active constituents, interact with various signaling pathways, including the inhibition of NF-κB activation, which plays a crucial role in inflammatory processes. This modulation helps in reducing symptoms related to inflammation and may protect liver cells from damage.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of Bupleuri involve its ability to enhance liver function and promote bile secretion, as well as its anti-inflammatory effects. It has been shown to influence cytokine production, thereby modulating immune responses. The herb may also exhibit antioxidant properties, helping to reduce oxidative stress in the liver and other tissues.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Bupleuri are not extensively characterized in clinical studies, but it is generally believed that the bioactive compounds are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in the liver. The elimination half-life and specific metabolic pathways are not well-defined, necessitating further research to clarify these aspects.

Pregnancy

Bupleuri is classified as possibly unsafe during pregnancy due to insufficient evidence of safety. Consult a healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Insufficient reliable information is available regarding the safety of bupleuri during breastfeeding. It is advisable to consult a healthcare provider.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Metabolic acidosis
• Kidney stone prevention
• Food preservation
• Flavoring agent in food and beverages

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific guidelines or product information for appropriate dosing as it varies based on formulation and indication.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines or product information for appropriate dosing as it varies based on formulation and indication.

Mechanism of action

Citric acid works by providing acidity which can enhance the solubility of certain compounds and facilitate metabolic pathways. It is involved in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), which is a critical metabolic pathway for energy production in aerobic organisms. In addition, citric acid can act as a buffering agent to maintain pH balance in biological systems.

Pharmacodynamics

Citric acid enhances the absorption of minerals and may aid in the treatment of metabolic acidosis by increasing the bicarbonate level in the blood. It also plays a role in reducing kidney stones by inhibiting the formation of calcium salts and promoting the excretion of citrate.

Pharmacokinetics

Citric acid is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is metabolized in the liver. It is excreted primarily through urine, where it can also help to prevent the crystallization of calcium salts. The half-life of citric acid is relatively short, and its effects are generally immediate upon administration.

Pregnancy

There is limited information available on the safety of citri during pregnancy. It is advisable to consult a healthcare professional before use.

Breast-feeding

Due to insufficient data on the excretion of citri in breast milk, caution is recommended. Consultation with a healthcare professional is advisable.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Chronic fatigue syndrome
• Respiratory disorders
• Immune system enhancement
• Athletic performance enhancement
• Potential adjunct in cancer treatment

Dosage

Children: There is insufficient clinical data to recommend specific dosing for pediatric populations. Consultation with a healthcare provider is advised.

Adults: Dosage varies widely depending on the formulation and intended use. General guidance suggests starting with a low dose and gradually increasing as tolerated, but specific dosing should be referenced from product labels or clinical studies.

Mechanism of action

Cordyceps exerts its effects primarily through modulation of the immune system and enhancement of cellular energy metabolism. It is believed to increase ATP production in cells, improve oxygen utilization, and enhance physical performance. Additionally, cordycepin, a bioactive compound within cordyceps, has been shown to inhibit tumor growth and promote apoptosis in cancer cells.

Pharmacodynamics

Cordyceps has been shown to improve exercise performance by increasing ATP production and enhancing oxygen usage in the muscles. Its immunomodulatory effects may help in enhancing the immune response, making it beneficial in conditions of immunosuppression. The antioxidant properties help in reducing oxidative stress, which is linked to many chronic diseases.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of cordyceps are not well-defined in clinical studies. It is thought to be well-absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, but specific data regarding its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion are limited. The active compounds, such as cordycepin, are believed to undergo metabolism in the liver and may have varying half-lives depending on the formulation and dosage used.

Adverse effects

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Dry mouth
• Increased heart rate
• Insomnia

Interactions

• Anticoagulants - may enhance the effects of anticoagulant medications
• Immunosuppressants - may stimulate immune function, potentially reducing the efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with autoimmune diseases due to potential immune system stimulation
• Monitor for effects in patients with underlying health conditions

Pregnancy

Adequate studies in pregnant women are lacking; consult healthcare providers before use.

Breast-feeding

Limited data available; consult healthcare providers before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Dried whole mushroom
• Capsules
• Powder extract
• Liquid extract

Indications

• Adrenal insufficiency
• Chronic fatigue syndrome
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Respiratory infections
• Topical inflammation

Dosage

Children: Refer to a professional source for specific dosing recommendations, as doses can vary based on condition and formulation.

Adults: Refer to a professional source for specific dosing recommendations, as doses can vary based on condition and formulation.

Mechanism of action

Glycyrrhizae exerts its effects mainly through glycyrrhizin, which inhibits the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. This inhibition prevents the conversion of active cortisol to inactive cortisone, leading to increased cortisol levels. The elevated cortisol can enhance the action of aldosterone, resulting in sodium retention, potassium excretion, and fluid retention. Additionally, glycyrrhizin possesses anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of glycyrrhizae are closely linked to its effects on the adrenal system. Its ability to prolong cortisol action can lead to effects similar to those of corticosteroids, such as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. However, chronic use may result in side effects like hypertension and hypokalemia due to its mineralocorticoid-like activity. Its antioxidant activity may also contribute to its protective effects against cellular damage.

Pharmacokinetics

Glycyrrhizin is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver. Its half-life is variable, depending on the route of administration and formulation. The elimination is primarily through renal pathways, with metabolites being excreted in urine. Factors such as age, liver function, and concomitant medications can influence its pharmacokinetics.

Adverse effects

• Hypertension
• Hypokalemia
• Edema
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Gastrointestinal disturbances

Interactions

• Corticosteroids (may enhance effects leading to hypokalemia)
• Diuretics (especially potassium-sparing types)
• Antihypertensive medications (may reduce effectiveness)
• Digoxin (risk of increased toxicity due to hypokalemia)

Precautions

• Monitor blood pressure in patients with hypertension
• Use cautiously in patients with heart disease or renal impairment
• Avoid in patients with a history of hormone-sensitive conditions

Pregnancy

Use during pregnancy is not recommended due to potential hormonal effects and risk of hypertension.

Breast-feeding

Limited data available; caution is advised due to potential effects on milk production and infant health.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Dried root
• Powdered extract
• Liquid extract

Indications

• Inflammatory conditions
• Pain management
• Hepatic disorders
• Menstrual irregularities
• Anxiety and stress-related disorders

Dosage

Children: Refer to established guidelines or product-specific information for pediatric dosing recommendations, as specific doses can vary based on the formulation and indication.

Adults: Refer to established guidelines or product-specific information for dosing recommendations, as specific doses can vary based on the formulation and indication.

Mechanism of action

The active compounds in Paeoniae may exert their effects through multiple mechanisms, including modulation of inflammatory mediators and antioxidant activity. Some studies suggest that it may inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing inflammation. Additionally, certain components may enhance blood circulation and exert a mild sedative effect.

Pharmacodynamics

Paeoniae exhibits a range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and calming effects. The anti-inflammatory properties are thought to be mediated by the inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways, which are critical in the synthesis of inflammatory mediators. The calming effects may be due to its ability to modulate neurotransmitter levels, including GABA.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic profile of Paeoniae has not been extensively studied. However, it is known that the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of its active compounds can be influenced by the preparation method, dosage form, and individual patient factors. The bioavailability of the compounds may vary, affecting their therapeutic efficacy.

Pregnancy

Insufficient data are available to establish the safety of paeoniae during pregnancy. It is recommended to consult healthcare professionals before use.

Breast-feeding

Limited information is available on the excretion of paeoniae in human milk. Caution is advised when administering to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and moisture. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Digestive disorders
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Coughs and respiratory issues
• Anti-inflammatory conditions

Dosage

Children: Refer to herbal medicine guidelines for specific dosing; typically varies based on the formulation and preparation.

Adults: Refer to herbal medicine guidelines for specific dosing; typically varies based on the formulation and preparation.

Mechanism of action

The pharmacological effects of pericarpium are attributed to its active compounds, including flavonoids, essential oils, and other phytochemicals. These compounds are thought to exert their effects through various mechanisms, such as modulation of the gastrointestinal motility, anti-inflammatory activity, and antioxidant properties. Specifically, flavonoids may inhibit inflammatory pathways and protect against oxidative stress, contributing to their therapeutic benefits.

Pharmacodynamics

Pericarpium has been shown to influence digestive processes by enhancing gastric motility and secretion, which can facilitate digestion and relieve symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort. The anti-inflammatory properties contribute to the reduction of inflammation-related symptoms in respiratory conditions. Additionally, the antioxidant effects help to neutralize free radicals, potentially offering protective benefits against cellular damage.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of pericarpium are not extensively characterized in clinical studies. However, it is generally understood that the active compounds are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, with bioavailability influenced by the presence of other dietary components. Metabolism typically occurs in the liver, followed by excretion primarily via the renal route. The onset of action may vary depending on formulation and individual patient factors.

Pregnancy

There is insufficient data on the safety of pericarpium during pregnancy. It is advisable to avoid use unless deemed necessary by a healthcare provider.

Breast-feeding

Limited information is available regarding the excretion of pericarpium in breast milk. Caution is advised when using this substance while breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and moisture. Ensure it is kept out of reach of children.

Indications

• Sore throat
• Respiratory infections
• Skin infections
• Wound healing
• Anti-inflammatory treatment

Dosage

Children: Refer to established herbal guidelines or consult a qualified herbalist for dosing recommendations.

Adults: Refer to established herbal guidelines or consult a qualified herbalist for dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Prunellae contains several bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and triterpenoids, which contribute to its therapeutic effects. The mechanism of action involves the modulation of inflammatory pathways and the enhancement of immune responses. It has been shown to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing inflammation. Additionally, it exhibits antimicrobial activity against a variety of pathogens, which aids in the treatment of infections.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic effects of prunellae are primarily attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It may also have antioxidant effects, helping to protect cells from oxidative stress. The plant's compounds interact with various cellular pathways, influencing the immune response and promoting wound healing.

Pharmacokinetics

Research on the pharmacokinetics of prunellae is limited. However, it is generally understood that the bioactive compounds are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. The metabolism and excretion pathways are not well-characterized, but it is likely that these compounds undergo phase I and phase II metabolism in the liver before being excreted primarily via urine. The onset of action can vary based on the formulation and individual patient factors.

Pregnancy

Limited data are available on the use of prunellae during pregnancy. It is advisable to consult healthcare professionals before use.

Breast-feeding

Limited data are available on the excretion of prunellae in breast milk. It is advisable to consult healthcare professionals before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Anti-inflammatory effects
• Antioxidant support
• Immune system modulation
• Support in chronic diseases
• General wellness and health maintenance

Dosage

Children: Paediatric dosing for radix extracts should be approached with caution and is best determined by a healthcare provider, taking into account the child's age, weight, and health condition.

Adults: Dosage for radix extracts varies widely based on the specific herb and its intended use. It is advisable to refer to specific guidelines or consult with a healthcare professional for dosage recommendations.

Mechanism of action

The mechanisms of action for radix extracts are diverse and depend on the specific herb. Generally, these extracts may exert their effects through modulation of various signaling pathways, including the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhancement of antioxidant defenses, and regulation of immune cell activity. Many radix formulations contain bioactive compounds that interact with specific molecular targets, leading to physiological changes that contribute to their therapeutic effects.

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics of radix extracts involves their interactions with biological systems. They may exhibit properties such as anti-inflammatory effects, reduction of oxidative stress, and modulation of cellular signaling pathways. The therapeutic effects often result from synergistic actions of multiple phytochemicals present in the extracts, which can influence various physiological processes.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of radix extracts are largely dependent on the specific plant source and its constituents. Generally, these compounds are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized primarily by the liver, and excreted via urine or bile. The bioavailability of bioactive compounds can vary, influenced by factors such as the method of preparation, the presence of other food substances, and the individual’s metabolic rate.

Pregnancy

Lack of sufficient data on safety during pregnancy. Caution is advised.

Breast-feeding

Limited data available. Use with caution and consult a healthcare professional.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Kidney deficiency
• Fatigue and weakness
• Hormonal imbalances
• Immune support
• Inflammatory conditions

Dosage

Children: Consult specific pediatric herbal guidelines or practitioners for appropriate dosing, as no standard pediatric dosage is established.

Adults: General guidance suggests consulting specific herbal formulations or practitioners for appropriate dosing, as no standard dosage is established.

Mechanism of action

The active compounds in Rehmanniae, including iridoid glycosides and other phytochemicals, are believed to exert their effects by modulating various signaling pathways. These compounds may enhance glucose metabolism, promote immune function, and exert antioxidant effects, contributing to the herb's therapeutic benefits. Specifically, they may influence the expression of genes involved in stress response and inflammation.

Pharmacodynamics

Rehmanniae exhibits various pharmacodynamic effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and adaptogenic properties. Its ability to support renal function and enhance energy levels is particularly noted, making it useful in addressing fatigue and weakness. The herb may also play a role in balancing hormonal levels in the body, particularly in the context of reproductive health.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Rehmanniae are not extensively characterized; however, studies suggest that its active components are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and may undergo metabolism in the liver. The elimination half-life of its active constituents can vary, and bioavailability may be influenced by the formulation used. Further research is needed to fully understand its pharmacokinetic profile.

Pregnancy

Rehmanniae is generally considered safe during pregnancy, but it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional before use.

Breast-feeding

Use during breastfeeding is not well studied; caution is advised and consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and moisture.

Indications

• Migraine
• Tension-type headache
• Menstrual pain
• Chronic pain conditions
• Post-stroke rehabilitation
• Peripheral vascular disease

Dosage

Children: Refer to established clinical guidelines and product-specific information for appropriate dosing.

Adults: Refer to established clinical guidelines and product-specific information for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

The active compounds in Reticulatae, such as ligustilide and other phthalides, are believed to exert their therapeutic effects by promoting vasodilation, enhancing blood circulation, and possessing anti-inflammatory properties. They may also inhibit platelet aggregation, thereby preventing thrombosis and improving blood flow.

Pharmacodynamics

Reticulatae exhibits several pharmacodynamic effects including analgesia, reduction of inflammation, and enhancement of blood circulation. The herb is known to modulate pain pathways and may interact with neurotransmitter systems involved in pain perception, contributing to its analgesic effects. Additionally, it can influence vascular smooth muscle tone, leading to improved tissue perfusion.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Reticulatae are not extensively characterized in modern pharmacological studies. However, it is understood that the active constituents are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolized in the liver, and excreted primarily through the kidneys. Bioavailability may vary depending on the formulation and method of administration.

Pregnancy

There is limited information on the safety of reticulatae during pregnancy. Its use should be avoided unless the potential benefits outweigh the risks.

Breast-feeding

Caution is advised when using reticulatae during breastfeeding due to the lack of sufficient data on excretion in human milk.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Fatigue
• Cognitive impairment
• Stress management
• Immune system support
• Physical endurance enhancement

Dosage

Children: Refer to established herbal guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Adults: Refer to established herbal guidelines or consult a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing.

Mechanism of action

The active compounds in Sinensis, particularly ginsenosides, are believed to modulate the immune system, enhance physical performance, and improve cognitive function. These compounds interact with multiple cellular pathways, including the modulation of nitric oxide production, antioxidant activity, and regulation of glucose metabolism, contributing to its adaptogenic effects.

Pharmacodynamics

Sinensis exhibits a range of pharmacodynamic effects, including stimulation of the central nervous system, enhancement of physical endurance, and immunomodulatory effects. Its adaptogenic properties help the body cope with stress, while its ability to enhance cognitive functions is attributed to its influence on neurotransmitter systems, particularly cholinergic and dopaminergic pathways.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Sinensis are characterized by its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. After oral administration, ginsenosides are absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with peak plasma concentrations occurring within a few hours. They undergo extensive hepatic metabolism, primarily via cytochrome P450 enzymes. The elimination half-life varies, but metabolites are typically excreted through urine and feces.

Pregnancy

Limited data available; consult healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Consult healthcare provider before use, as safety is not well established.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Indications

• Skin infections
• Inflammatory disorders
• Minor wounds
• Pain relief

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific herbal product guidelines, as dosing may vary based on formulation and indication.

Adults: Refer to specific herbal product guidelines, as dosing may vary based on formulation and indication.

Mechanism of action

The exact mechanism of action of Spica is not fully understood, but it is believed to act through multiple biochemical pathways. It may exert its effects via the modulation of inflammatory cytokines and the inhibition of certain enzymes involved in the inflammatory response. Additionally, it shows antimicrobial activity by disrupting the cell wall synthesis of bacteria, leading to cell lysis.

Pharmacodynamics

Spica exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, which can help alleviate pain and reduce swelling in affected areas. The antimicrobial effects contribute to its use in treating infections. The pharmacodynamic effects may vary based on the formulation and concentration used.

Pharmacokinetics

Limited data is available on the pharmacokinetics of Spica due to its herbal nature. However, it is generally assumed that the active compounds are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract upon oral administration, with distribution occurring throughout the body. Metabolism and excretion pathways are not well defined, and the duration of action may depend on the specific formulation and individual patient factors.

Pregnancy

There is limited data on the safety of spica in pregnancy. It is advised to use caution and consult healthcare professionals.

Breast-feeding

Limited information is available regarding the excretion of spica in breast milk. Consult a healthcare provider before use.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Mechanism of action

Monobenzone is a depigmenting agent whose mechanism of action is not fully understood. It is proposed that it increases the excretion of melanin from the melanocytes. This effect is erratic and may take one to four months to occur while existing melanin is lost with normal sloughing of the stratum corneum. Hyperpigmented skin appears to fade more rapidly than does normal skin, and exposure to sunlight reduces the depigmenting effect of the drug. Following skin depigmentation after topical application of monobenzone, the histological studies indicate similar results as that seen in vitiligo, where the epidermis is intact but with the absence of identifiable melanocytes. ...INTERFERES WITH BIOSYNTHESIS OF MELANIN. IT INHIBITS ENZYME TYROSINASE & THEREBY PREVENTS CONVERSION OF TYROSINE TO DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE, PRECURSOR OF MELANIN.

Pharmacodynamics

Monobenzone is the monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. Monobenzone, applied topically to the skin, is used as a depigmenting agent inhibitting melanin produced by polymerization of oxidation products of tyrosine and dihydroxyphenyl compounds. Monobenzone works by permanently removing color from normal skin located around skin with vitiligo.