VITAMIN-K3 10MG/ML INJECTION

Indications

• Preservative in food and beverages
• Antioxidant in pharmaceutical formulations

Mechanism of action

Bisulphite acts by donating a sulfite ion, which can interact with various biological molecules. Its primary function in metabolic pathways includes the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins, leading to changes in protein structure and function. This action is crucial during the metabolism of sulfur amino acids, facilitating their breakdown and utilization in the body.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of bisulphite are closely related to its role in amino acid metabolism. It influences the levels of cysteine and homocysteine, which are important for various metabolic processes, including the synthesis of glutathione, a critical antioxidant in the body. The modulation of these amino acids affects cellular redox status and can impact overall metabolic health and detoxification processes.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of bisulphite involve its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Bisulphite is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract when ingested. It is primarily metabolized in the liver, where it undergoes various biochemical transformations related to sulfur metabolism. The excretion of bisulphite occurs mainly through the kidneys, with sulfite and sulfate being the primary forms in which it is excreted. The half-life of bisulphite in the body can vary based on individual metabolic rates and renal function.

Pregnancy

No specific data available. Consult relevant guidelines for use in pregnancy.

Breast-feeding

No specific data available. Consult relevant guidelines for use during breastfeeding.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light.

Formulations

• {'type': 'chemical compound', 'name': 'Bisulphite', 'molecular_formula': 'HO3S-'}

Indications

• Vitamin K deficiency
• Prophylaxis against hemorrhagic disease in newborns
• Treatment of certain coagulation disorders

Dosage

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing guidance as it may vary based on clinical indication and patient

Mechanism of action

Menadione functions as a cofactor in the posttranslational gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in vitamin K-dependent proteins. This gamma-carboxylation is essential for the activation of coagulation factors and allows these proteins to bind calcium ions, which is necessary for their biological activity. The enzymatic conversion of precursor proteins in the liver to their active forms depends on the presence of vitamin K.

Pharmacodynamics

Menadione is a precursor to the active forms of vitamin K, particularly menaquinone. It undergoes metabolism in the liver to produce these active forms, which are then utilized in various physiological processes, including blood coagulation. The fat-soluble nature of menadione allows it to be stored in the body's fatty tissues, influencing its pharmacological effects and potential for toxicity if overdosed. Vitamin K is essential for the proper functioning of several proteins involved in coagulation and bone metabolism.

Pharmacokinetics

Menadione is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and undergoes hepatic metabolism to produce menaquinone. The bioavailability and metabolism may be influenced by dietary factors and the presence of other substances. It is stored in the liver and fatty tissues, and its elimination primarily occurs through metabolic conversion and biliary excretion. The pharmacokinetics of menadione can be affected by factors such as age, health status, and concurrent medications.

Adverse effects

• Kernicterus
• Hemolytic anemia
• Jaundice
• Allergic reactions

Interactions

• Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin)
• Cholestyramine
• Mineral oil
• Other fat-soluble vitamins

Precautions

• Monitor for signs of excessive dosage
• Use with caution in patients with liver disease
• Assess risk of bleeding in patients taking anticoagulants

Pregnancy

Menadione should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Consult healthcare professional for risks and benefits.

Breast-feeding

Menadione is excreted in breast milk; caution is advised when administering to nursing mothers.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Injectable solution
• Oral tablets
• Oral liquid

Mechanism of action

Menadione (vitamin K3) is involved as a cofactor in the posttranslational gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues of certain proteins in the body. These proteins include the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII (proconvertin), IX (Christmas factor), X (Stuart factor), protein C, protein S, protein Zv and a growth-arrest-specific factor (Gas6). In contrast to the other vitamin K-dependent proteins in the blood coagulation cascade, protein C and protein S serve anticoagulant roles. The two vitamin K-dependent proteins found in bone are osteocalcin, also known as bone G1a (gamma-carboxyglutamate) protein or BGP, and the matrix G1a protein or MGP. Gamma-carboxylation is catalyzed by the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylases. The reduced form of vitamin K, vitamin K hydroquinone, is the actual cofactor for the gamma-carboxylases. Proteins containing gamma-carboxyglutamate are called G1a proteins. The vitamin K-dependent blood clotting factors, in the absence of vitamin K (or in the presence of the coumarin type of anticoagulant), are biologically inactive precursor proteins in the liver. Vitamin K functions as an essential cofactor for a microsomal enzyme system that activates these precursors by the conversion of multiple residues of glutamic acid near the amino terminus of each precursor to gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues in the completed protein. The formation of this new amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, allows the protein to bind Ca+2 and in turn to be bound to a phospholipid surface, both of which are necessary in the cascade of events that lead to clot formation. /Vitamin K/ Vitamin k is necessary for formation of prothrombinogen and other blood clotting factors in liver. During clotting, circulating prothrombin is required for production of thrombin; in turn, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, network of which constitutes clot. /vitamin k/ The active form of vitamin K appears to be the reduced vitamin K hydroquinone, which, in the presence of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and the microsomal carboxylase enzyme, is converted to its 2,3-epoxide at the same time gamma-carboxylation takes place. The hydroquinone form of vitamin K is regenerated from the 2,3-epoxide by a coumarin sensitive epoxide reductase ... . /Vitamin K/ Menadione is a potent inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase (Ki ~0.1 uM) and can be used together with allopurinol to discriminate between aldehyde oxidase- and xanthine oxidase-catalyzed reactions. For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for MENADIONE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Pharmacodynamics

Menadione (Vitamin K3) is a fat-soluble vitamin precursor that is converted into menaquinone in the liver. Vitamin K1 and K2 are the naturally occurring types of vitamin K. The former, which is also known as phylloquinone, is synthesized by plants and can be found in such foods as spinach, broccoli, lettuce, and soybeans. The latter, sometimes alternatively referred to as menaquinone, is primarily produced by bacteria in the anterior part of the gut and the intestines. Vitamin K3, on the other hand, is one of the many manmade versions of vitamin K. Also called menadione, this yellowish, synthetic crystalline substance is converted into the active form of the K2 vitamin inside of the animal body. While a vitamin K deficiency can be dangerous, especially to infants that may easily suffer from extensive hemorrhaging, an overdose can be as equally detrimental. Newborns that are administered too great a dosage of vitamin K3 can suffer from kernicterus, a form of severe brain damage that may produce decreased movement, loss of appetite, seizures, deafness, mental retardation, and even death. This condition is associated with an abnormally high concentration of bilirubin, a bile pigment, in the tissues of the brain, which can be caused by the presence of K3. For this reason, K3 is less often utilized medically than it was in former times.